Six type-I PKS classes and highly conserved melanin and elsinochrome gene clusters found in diverse Elsinoë species.

Elsinoë species are phytopathogenic fungi that cause serious scab diseases on economically important plants. The disease symptoms arise from the effects of a group of phytotoxins known as elsinochromes, produced via a type-I polyketide synthase (PKS) biosynthetic pathway. The elsinochrome gene cluster was first annotated in Elsinoë fawcettii where the main type-I PKS gene was characterized as EfPKS1.

LAMP Assay to Detect , an Important Shoot and Leaf Pathogen.

Eucalyptus scab and shoot malformation caused by is an emerging disease and a serious threat to the global commercial forestry industry. The disease was first discovered in North Sumatra, Indonesia, and now requires a simple and effective method for early pathogen detection. In this study, a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for .

Unidirectional mating-type switching is underpinned by a conserved MAT1 locus architecture.

Unidirectional mating-type switching is a form of homothallic reproduction known only in a small number of filamentous ascomycetes. Their ascospores can give rise to either self-sterile isolates that require compatible partners for subsequent sexual reproduction, or self-fertile individuals capable of completing this process in isolation. The limited studies previously conducted in these fungi suggest that the differences in mating specificity are determined by the architecture of the MAT1 locus.

[The Need of Evidence-Based Treatment of Early-Onset Feeding Tube Dependency: A Pico- Framework Based Analytic Review of Clinical Features and Treatment of Feeding Tube Dependency].

Feeding Tube Dependency is a constant increasing perinatal mental health condition, with estimated 350 new cases per year in Germany.The early onset feeding tube dependency is the consequence of a generalized food aversion. To establish an evidence-based nationwide treatment plan, relevant research from the past twenty years were narratively reviewed.

Complex evolutionary history of photosynthesis in .

comprises a diverse group of bacteria with various lifestyles. Although best known for their nodule-based nitrogen-fixation in symbiosis with legumes, a select group of bradyrhizobia are also capable of photosynthesis. This ability seems to be rare among rhizobia, and its origin and evolution in these bacteria remain a subject of substantial debate.

The Unique Homothallic Mating-Type Loci of the Fungal Tree Pathogens and from Africa.

and are ascomycete tree pathogens first described from Zambia, causing stem canker on and , respectively. The taxonomic descriptions of these two species were based on their anamorphic states, as no sexual states are known. The main purpose of this work was to use whole genome sequences to identify and define the mating-type () loci of these two species.

Evidence of Biparental Mitochondrial Inheritance from Self-Fertile Crosses between Closely Related Species of .

Hybridization is recognized as a notable driver of evolution and adaptation, which closely related species may exploit in the form of incomplete reproductive barriers. Three closely related species of (i.e.

An in Silico Approach to Identifying TF Binding Sites: Analysis of the Regulatory Regions of BUSCO Genes from Fungal Species in the Family.

Transcriptional regulation controls gene expression through regulatory promoter regions that contain conserved sequence motifs. These motifs, also known as regulatory elements, are critically important to expression, which is driving research efforts to identify and characterize them. Yeasts have been the focus of such studies in fungi, including in several in silico approaches.

Metabolic conjugation reduces in vitro toxicity of the flavonoid nevadensin.

The present study focuses on the association between metabolic capacity and toxicity of the natural occurring flavonoid nevadensin in vitro. Human colon (HT29), liver (HepG2) and bone marrow (KG1) carcinoma cells were used and strong cell line dependent differences in toxic effect strength were found. HepG2 and KG1 cells were more sensitive against nevadensin treatment in comparison to HT29 cells.

Are feeding disorders and feeding tube dependency the same?: A discrimination study between feeding disorders, feeding tube dependency and healthy eaters.

Aim: Feeding disorders (FD) and feeding tube dependency (FTD) are defined by a persistent pattern of food aversion, but data regarding the frequency of food aversion symptoms are scarce. In this study, the frequency of aversion symptoms for FD, FTD and healthy eaters (HE) were compared.

Methods: We compared the frequency of food aversion symptoms in a group with FD (n = 32) and FTD (n = 39) to HE (n = 38) using the AFT questionnaire.

Unidirectional mating-type switching confers self-fertility to Thielaviopsis cerberus, the only homothallic species in the genus.

Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous in nature, and nowhere is this more so than in the fungi. Heterothallic behaviour is observed when there is a strict requirement of contact between two individuals of opposite mating type for sexual reproduction to occur. In contrast, a homothallic species can complete the entire sexual cycle in isolation, although several genetic mechanisms underpin this self-fertility.

IMA Genome - F13: Draft genome sequences of , and .

Draft genomes of the fungal species , and are presented. is an important lichen forming fungus and is an ambrosia beetle symbiont. and are agriculturally relevant plant pathogens that cause leaf-spots in brassicaceous vegetables and cucurbits respectively.

Mating strategy and mating type distribution in six global populations of the Eucalyptus foliar pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans.

Teratosphaeria destructans is an aggressive fungal pathogen causing leaf and shoot blight on young Eucalyptus trees in plantations. The disease occurs across tropical and subtropical regions of South East Asia and has recently been found in South Africa. Asexual structures of the pathogen are produced on infected tissues, but sexual structures have never been observed.

The novel Huntiella omanensis mating gene, MAT1-2-7, is essential for ascomatal maturation.

Sexual reproduction is a highly conserved feature of the eukaryotes, yet sexual compatibility is determined by a wide variety of mechanisms. In ascomycete fungi, sexual development is controlled by genes at the mating type (MAT) locus that confer either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 mating identity. Although the locus harbours, at minimum, a single gene, the individual MAT loci of certain species, including Huntiella omanensis, encode for two or more genes.

It's All in the Genes: The Regulatory Pathways of Sexual Reproduction in Filamentous Ascomycetes.

Sexual reproduction in filamentous ascomycete fungi results in the production of highly specialized sexual tissues, which arise from relatively simple, vegetative mycelia. This conversion takes place after the recognition of and response to a variety of exogenous and endogenous cues, and relies on very strictly regulated gene, protein, and metabolite pathways. This makes studying sexual development in fungi an interesting tool in which to study gene-gene, gene-protein, and protein-metabolite interactions.

Distribution and Evolution of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in the .

In filamentous fungi, genes in secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are generally clustered. In the case of those pathways involved in nonribosomal peptide production, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene is commonly found as a main element of the cluster. Large multifunctional enzymes are encoded by members of this gene family that produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds.

In vitro combinatory cytotoxicity of hepatocarcinogenic asarone isomers and flavonoids.

Acorus calamus is a swamp herb, which is widely spread in northern hemisphere. It is used in infusions and in bitters but also in food supplements and in traditional herbal medicine. However, the main A.

Nine draft genome sequences of ., including , and cf. pseudomolecules for the pitch canker pathogen , draft genome of and .

This genome announcement includes draft genomes from including , and cf. The draft genomes of and all three important eucalyptus pathogens, are presented. The insect associate is also described.

IMA Genome-F 9: Draft genome sequence of (syn. ), two strains, , , cf and .

Draft genomes of the species (syn. , two strains, , , and are presented Both mating types (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) of are included. Two strains of that produce sulfated homotyrosine echinocandin variants, FR209602, FR220897 and FR220899 are presented.

Pheromone expression reveals putative mechanism of unisexuality in a saprobic ascomycete fungus.

Homothallism (self-fertility) describes a wide variety of sexual strategies that enable a fungus to reproduce in the absence of a mating partner. Unisexual reproduction, a form of homothallism, is a process whereby a fungus can progress through sexual reproduction in the absence of mating genes previously considered essential for self-fertility. In this study, we consider the molecular mechanisms that allow for this unique sexual behaviour in the saprotrophic ascomycete; Huntiella moniliformis.

Unexpected placement of the MAT1-1-2 gene in the MAT1-2 idiomorph of Thielaviopsis.

Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota is controlled by genes encoded at the mating-type or MAT1 locus. The two allelic versions of this locus in heterothallic species, referred to as idiomorphs, are defined by the MAT1-1-1 (for the MAT1-1 idiomorph) and MAT1-2-1 (for the MAT1-2 idiomorph) genes. Both idiomorphs can contain additional genes, although the contents of each is typically specific to and conserved within particular Pezizomycotina lineages.