2022 JOSA A Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize: editorial.

JOSA A Editor-in-Chief Olga Korotkova, Deputy Editor Markus Testorf, and the members of the 2022 Emerging Researcher Best Paper Prize Committee announce the recipient of the 2022 prize for the best paper published by an emerging researcher in the Journal.

Introducing JOSA A retrospectives: editorial.

JOSA A Editor-in-Chief Olga Korotkova and Deputy Editor Markus Testorf introduce a new paper type: "retrospective." They discuss the need for such articles and outline the acceptance criteria.

Accelerated long-term forgetting of recall and recognition memory in people with epilepsy.

Purpose: Persons with epilepsy (PWE) report memory deficits as one of the most distressing aspects of their disorder. Recently, a long-term memory deficit known as Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting (ALF) has been described in PWE. ALF is characterized by the initial retention of learned information, followed by an accelerated rate of memory decay.

Supervised machine learning to predict reduced depression severity in people with epilepsy through epilepsy self-management intervention.

Objective: To develop a classifier that predicts reductions in depression severity in people with epilepsy after participation in an epilepsy self-management intervention.

Methods: Ninety-three people with epilepsy from three epilepsy self-management randomized controlled trials from the Managing Epilepsy Well (MWE) Network integrated research database met the inclusion criteria. Supervised machine learning algorithms were utilized to develop prediction models for changes in self-reported depression symptom severity.

AiED: Artificial intelligence for the detection of intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges.

Objective: Deep learning provides an appealing solution for the ongoing challenge of automatically classifying intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). We report results from an automated method consisting of a template-matching algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) for the detection of intracranial IEDs ("AiED").

Methods: 1000 intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) epochs extracted randomly from 307 subjects with refractory epilepsy were annotated independently by two expert neurophysiologists.

Musical components important for the Mozart K448 effect in epilepsy.

There is growing evidence for the efficacy of music, specifically Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major (K448), at reducing ictal and interictal epileptiform activity. Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanism underlying this beneficial "Mozart K448 effect" for persons with epilepsy. Here, we measured the influence that K448 had on intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in sixteen subjects undergoing intracranial monitoring for refractory focal epilepsy.

Features of intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges associated with memory encoding.

Objective: Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were shown to be associated with cognitive impairment in persons with epilepsy. Previous studies indicated that IED rate, location, timing, and spatial relation to the seizure onset zone could predict an IED's impact on memory encoding and retrieval if they occurred in lateral temporal, mesial temporal, or parietal regions. In this study, we explore the influence that other IED properties (e.

Interictal Epileptiform Discharges are Task Dependent and are Associated with Lasting Electrocorticographic Changes.

The factors that control the occurrence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are not well understood. We suspected that this phenomenon reflects an attention-dependent suppression of interictal epileptiform activity. We hypothesized that IEDs would occur less frequently when a subject viewed a task-relevant stimulus compared with viewing a blank screen.

STEM Lab on a Kitchen Table: An Investigation of Remote Student-Driven Problem-Based Research.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic affected formal and informal education programs in the USA. The pandemic had a devastating impact on programs that required a dedicated physical space and in-person laboratory research. The distinguishing feature of New Hampshire Academy of Science (NHAS) programs is the participation of secondary school students in STEM research projects that emulate university-level research.

Factors correlated with intracranial interictal epileptiform discharges in refractory epilepsy.

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence that subject-specific factors have on intracranial interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) rates in persons with refractory epilepsy.

Methods: One hundred fifty subjects with intracranial electrodes performed multiple sessions of a free recall memory task; this standardized task controlled for subject attention levels. We utilized a dominance analysis to rank the importance of subject-specific factors based on their relative influence on IED rates.

Optics theory and practice in Iberoamerica: introduction to the feature issue.

This feature issue of Applied Optics (AO) on Optics Theory and Practice in Iberoamerica (OTPI) collects significantly expanded refereed papers presented at the multiconference RIAO-OPTILAS-MOPM, held in Cancún, Mexico, Sept. 23-27, 2019. All authors who participated at the conference were contacted and invited to contribute to this special issue.

Cognitive tasks and human ambulatory electrocorticography using the RNS System.

Background: Electrocorticography studies are typically conducted in patients undergoing video EEG monitoring, but these studies are subject to confounds such as the effects of pain, recent anesthesia, analgesics, drug changes, antibiotics, and implant effects.

New Method: Techniques were developed to obtain electrocorticographic (ECoG) data from freely moving subjects performing navigational tasks using the RNS System (NeuroPace, Inc., Mountain View, CA), a brain-responsive neurostimulation medical device used to treat focal onset epilepsy, and to align data from the RNS System with cognitive task events with high precision.

Imaging and applied optics: introduction to the feature issue.

This special issue of Applied Optics contains selected papers from OSA's Imaging Congress with particular emphasis on work from mathematics in imaging, computational optical sensing and imaging, imaging systems and applications, and 3D image acquisition and display.

Modern imaging: introduction to the feature issue.

This special issue of Applied Optics contains selected papers reflecting the various disciplines that are needed for the design, implementation and advancement of imaging technology and systems, and it highlights the state-of-the-art research developments in the areas of modern imaging use.

Interictal epileptiform discharges impair word recall in multiple brain areas.

Objectives: Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) have been linked to memory impairment, but the spatial and temporal dynamics of this relationship remain elusive. In the present study, we aim to systematically characterize the brain areas and times at which IEDs affect memory.

Methods: Eighty epilepsy patients participated in a delayed free recall task while undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring.

Oscillation Phase Locking and Late ERP Components of Intracranial Hippocampal Recordings Correlate to Patient Performance in a Working Memory Task.

In working memory tasks, stimulus presentation induces a resetting of intracranial temporal lobe oscillations in multiple frequency bands. To further understand the functional relevance of this phenomenon, we investigated whether working memory performance depends on the phase precision of ongoing oscillations in the hippocampus. We recorded intra-hippocampal local field potentials in individuals performing a working memory task.

Hippocampal interictal epileptiform activity disrupts cognition in humans.

Objective: We investigated whether interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) in the human hippocampus are related to impairment of specific memory processes, and which characteristics of hippocampal IED are most associated with memory dysfunction.

Methods: Ten patients had depth electrodes implanted into their hippocampi for preoperative seizure localization. EEG was recorded during 2,070 total trials of a short-term memory task, with memory processing categorized into encoding, maintenance, and retrieval.

Signal Recovery and computational sensing and imaging: introduction to the feature issue.

The fall 2009 conference of the Optical Society of America was held in San Jose, California, 11-15 October. The collocation of topical meetings on Computational Optical Sensing and Imaging (COSI), and Signal Recovery and Synthesis (SRS) with the Frontiers in Optics (FiO) Annual Meeting brought together a diverse group of scientists and engineers sharing a common interest in the processing of information carried by optical fields. The papers featured in this issue highlight several important trends.

Electromagnetic probing for target detection: rejection of surface clutter based on the Wigner distribution.

The Wigner distribution function is investigated as a signal processing tool to detect subsurface targets closely located beneath a randomly rough surface. Information provided by a bistatic arrangement of sources and detectors can be used to discriminate target and surface response based on their scattering behavior. It is shown that the bilinearity of the Wigner distribution function can be exploited for nonlinear amplification of the target response.

Holography in phase space.

Holography is reformulated by using the framework of phase-space optics. The Leith-Upatnieks off-axis reference hologram is compared with precursors, namely, single-sideband holography. The phase-space representation of complex amplitudes focuses on similarities between different holographic recording schemes and is particularly useful for investigating the degree of freedom and the space-bandwidth product of optical signals and systems.

Design of generalized invisible scatterers.

A nonlinear signal processing method is applied to the design of strongly scattering objects to realize a defined angular response. Investigated as the complement of inverse scattering problems, k-space design methods are combined with cepstral filtering to obtain a permittivity distribution that scatters with the desired response. Starting with the rigorously computed angular spectrum of the scattering amplitude of an object of simple geometric shape, the corresponding k-space is modified to provide the desired scattering behavior.

Design of Talbot array illuminators for three-dimensional intensity distributions.

The self-imaging phenomenon is investigated as the basis for designing diffractive optical elements to generate three-dimensional diffraction patterns. The phase-only diffractive element is related to the intensity distribution at a finite and discrete set of Fresnel diffraction planes by use of the matrix formalism of the fractional Talbot effect. This description provides a framework to determine the degrees of freedom which can be exploited for design.

Local-field enhancement in metal-dielectric nanocylinders with complex cross sections.

Numerical simulations are used to study the near-field properties of nanocylinders. Specific attention is given to surface-plasmon-polariton resonances and field localization in dielectric cylinders with partial metal coating. Conditions for observing local-field enhancement are investigated as well as the degrees of freedom that are available to customize the wavelength response of the nanosystem.

Iterative image reconstruction using prior knowledge.

A method is proposed to reconstruct signals from incomplete data. The method, which can be interpreted both as a discrete implementation of the so-called prior discrete Fourier transform (PDFT) spectral estimation technique and as a variant of the algebraic reconstruction technique, allows one to incorporate prior information about the reconstructed signal to improve the resolution of the signal estimated. The context of diffraction tomography and image reconstruction from samples of the far-field scattering amplitude are used to explore the performance of the method.

Photoconductive optically driven deformable membrane for spatial light modulator applications utilizing GaAs substrates.

The fabrication and characterization of an optically addressable deformable mirror for a spatial light modulator is described. Device operation utilizes an electrostatically driven pixellated aluminized polymeric membrane mirror supported above an optically controlled photoconductive GaAs substrate. A 5 microm thick grid of patterned photoresist supports the 2 microm thick aluminized Mylar membrane.