The megaplasmid pCER270 of emetic strain affects the timing of the sporulation process, spore resistance properties, and germination.

Unlabelled: The group includes closely related spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria. In this group, plasmids play a crucial role in species differentiation and are essential for pathogenesis and adaptation to ecological niches. The emetic strains are characterized by the presence of the pCER270 megaplasmid, which encodes the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase for the production of cereulide, the emetic toxin.

A poisonous cocktail: interplay of cereulide toxin and its structural isomers in emetic .

Food intoxications evoked by emetic strains constitute a serious threat to public health, leading to emesis and severe organ failure. The emetic peptide toxin cereulide, assembled by the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase CesNRPS, cannot be eradicated from contaminated food by usual hygienic measures due to its molecular size and structural stability. Next to cereulide, diverse chemical variants have been described recently that are produced concurrently with cereulide by CesNRPS.

Bacillus cereus extracellular vesicles act as shuttles for biologically active multicomponent enterotoxins.

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Gram-positive bacteria have gained considerable importance as a novel transport system of virulence factors in host-pathogen interactions. Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive human pathogen, causing gastrointestinal toxemia as well as local and systemic infections. The pathogenicity of enteropathogenic B.

Plasmid - Chromosome interplay in natural and non-natural hosts: global transcription study of three Bacillus cereus group strains carrying pCER270 plasmid.

The Bacillus cereus group comprises genetically related Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that colonize a wide range of ecological niches and hosts. Despite their high degree of genome conservation, extrachromosomal genetic material diverges between these species. The discriminating properties of the B.

Impact of a Novel PagR-like Transcriptional Regulator on Cereulide Toxin Synthesis in Emetic .

The emetic type of foodborne disease caused by is produced by the small peptide toxin cereulide. The genetic locus encoding the Ces nonribosomal peptide synthetase (CesNRPS) multienzyme machinery is located on a 270 kb megaplasmid, designated pCER270, which shares its backbone with the toxin plasmid pXO1. Although the genes are plasmid-borne, the chromosomally encoded pleiotropic transcriptional factors CodY and AbrB are key players in the control of transcription.

Toxin Repertoire: Diversity of (Iso)cereulide(s).

The emetic toxin cereulide () poses a significant safety risk in the food industry, causing emesis and nausea after consumption of contaminated foods. Analogously to cereulide, the structures of various isocereulides, namely, isocereulides A-G, have been recently reported and could also be identified in -contaminated food samples. The HPLC fractionation of extracts allows us to isolate additional isocereulides.

Impact of Phytochemicals on Viability and Cereulide Toxin Synthesis in Revealed by a Novel High-Throughput Method, Coupling an AlamarBlue-Based Assay with UPLC-MS/MS.

Due to its food-poisoning potential, has attracted the attention of the food industry. The cereulide-toxin-producing subgroup is of particular concern, as cereulide toxin is implicated in broadscale food-borne outbreaks and occasionally causes fatalities. The health risks associated with long-term cereulide exposure at low doses remain largely unexplored.

Distribution of the Emetic Toxin Cereulide in Cow Milk.

is frequently associated with food-borne intoxications, and its emetic toxin cereulide causes emesis and nausea after consumption of contaminated foods. The major source for contamination is found within contaminated raw materials containing the highly chemically resistant cereulide, independent of vegetative bacteria cells. Up to date, non-existing removal strategies for cereulide evoke the question of how the toxin is distributed within a food sample, especially cow milk.

Structure Revision of Isocereulide A, an Isoform of the Food Poisoning Emetic Toxin Cereulide.

The emetic toxin cereulide presents an enormous safety hazard in the food industry, inducing emesis and nausea after the consumption of contaminated foods. Additional to cereulide itself, seven structurally related isoforms, namely the isocereulides A-G, have already been elucidated in their chemical structure and could further be identified in contaminated food samples. The newly performed isolation of isocereulide A allowed, for the first time, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy of a biosynthetically produced isocereulide, revealing results that contradict previous assumptions of an l--Leu moiety within its chemical structure.

Assessing the toxic potential of enteropathogenic Bacillus cereus.

The diarrheal type of food poisoning caused by enteropathogenic Bacillus cereus has been linked to various exotoxins. Best described are the non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), hemolysin BL (Hbl), and cytotoxin K (CytK). Due to the ubiquitous prevalence of B.

Temperature Exerts Control of Emetic Toxin Production on Post-transcriptional Levels.

In recent years, the emetic toxin cereulide, produced by , has gained high relevance in food production and food safety. Cereulide is synthesized non-ribosomal by the multi-enzyme complex Ces-NRPS, which is encoded on a megaplasmid that shares its backbone with the pX01 toxin plasmid. Due to its resistance against heat, proteolysis and extreme pH conditions, the formation of this highly potent depsipeptide toxin is of serious concern in food processing procedures including slow cooling procedures and/or storage of intermediate products at ambient temperatures.

The Endospore-Forming Pathogen Bacillus cereus Exploits a Small Colony Variant-Based Diversification Strategy in Response to Aminoglycoside Exposure.

Unlabelled: Bacillus cereus is among the microorganisms most often isolated from cases of food spoilage and causes gastrointestinal diseases as well as nongastrointestinal infections elicited by the emetic toxin cereulide, enterotoxins, and a panel of tissue-destructive virulence factors. This opportunistic pathogen is increasingly associated with rapidly fatal clinical infections especially linked to neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Fatality results from either the misdiagnosis of B.

Pentamycin shows high efficacy against Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of the venereal disease trichomoniasis, which is the most frequent non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Since the 1960s, metronidazole has been the standard treatment, however an increasing number of cases with metronidazole-resistant strains is being reported. In this study, pentamycin, a polyene antibiotic, was tested for its in vitro efficacy against T.