Two Cases of Monkeypox-Associated Encephalomyelitis - Colorado and the District of Columbia, July-August 2022.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an orthopoxvirus in the Poxviridae family. The current multinational monkeypox outbreak has now spread to 96 countries that have not historically reported monkeypox, with most cases occurring among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (1,2). The first monkeypox case in the United States associated with this outbreak was identified in May 2022 in Massachusetts (1); monkeypox has now been reported in all 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and one U.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) associated autoimmune meningoencephalitis in a patient receiving nivolumab.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a major development in cancer treatment, allowing for improved survival and disease control in an expanding number of cancer types. Due to their mechanism of disrupting immunologic homeostasis, ICIs are frequently associated with adverse effects, termed immune related adverse effects (irAE). These side effects can affect any organ system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Brain selective transgene expression in zebrafish using an NRSE derived motif.

Transgenic technologies enable the manipulation and observation of circuits controlling behavior by permitting expression of genetically encoded reporter genes in neurons. Frequently though, neuronal expression is accompanied by transgene expression in non-neuronal tissues, which may preclude key experimental manipulations, including assessment of the contribution of neurons to behavior by ablation. To better restrict transgene expression to the nervous system in zebrafish larvae, we have used DNA sequences derived from the neuron-restrictive silencing element (NRSE).

The dorsal raphe modulates sensory responsiveness during arousal in zebrafish.

During waking behavior, animals adapt their state of arousal in response to environmental pressures. Sensory processing is regulated in aroused states, and several lines of evidence imply that this is mediated at least partly by the serotonergic system. However, there is little information directly showing that serotonergic function is required for state-dependent modulation of sensory processing.

Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) neocortex.

Virtually nothing is known about the morphology of cortical neurons in the elephant. To this end, the current study provides the first documentation of neuronal morphology in frontal and occipital regions of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Cortical tissue from the perfusion-fixed brains of two free-ranging African elephants was stained with a modified Golgi technique.

Neurolucida Lucivid versus Neurolucida camera: A quantitative and qualitative comparison of three-dimensional neuronal reconstructions.

A critical issue in quantitative neuromorphology is the accuracy and subsequent reliability of the tracing techniques employed to characterize neuronal components. Historically, the camera lucida was the only option for such investigations. In 1987, MBF Bioscience, Inc.