On the four complementary aspects of hierarchical character relationships and their bearing on scoring constraints, expressed in a new syntax for character dependencies.

Morphological matrices, including the conceptualization of characters and character states and scoring thereof, still are a valuable and necessary tool for phylogenetic analyses. Although they are often seen only as numerically simplified summaries of observations for the purpose of cladistic analyses, they also hold value as collections of ideas, concepts and the current state of knowledge, conveying various hypotheses on character state identity, homology and evolutionary transformations. A common and persistent issue in scoring and analysing morphological matrices is the phenomenon of inapplicable characters ("inapplicables").

Locomotion in Anaspides (Anaspidacea, Malacostraca) - insights from a morpho-functional study of thoracopods with some observations on swimming and walking.

Anaspidacea is probably the most enigmatic higher taxon within the Malacostraca. Representatives of the genus Anaspides are often considered "living fossils" due to their strong resemblance to their Triassic relatives. In comparison to other extant Malacostraca, they possess a high number of plesiomorphic characters.