Confocal laser scanning microscopy of urinary bladder after intravesical instillation of a fluorescent dye.

Objectives: To assess the potential of confocal laser scanning microscopy for imaging of the urinary bladder after intravesical instillation of a fluorescent dye.

Methods: The study was performed on the bladder of male Copenhagen rats. For confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM), a standard confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss LSM 410) was used.

Enhanced human nail drug delivery: nail inner drug content assayed by new unique method.

The purpose of this study was to develop an assay method of the human inner nail plate and to compare nail drug penetration by a penetrating enhancing formulation (the test carrier formulation). The test carrier and saline formulations were tested using radiolabeled urea, ketoconazole, and salicylic acid. After twice dosing daily for 7 days on human nail plates, the under inner section of the nail plate was assayed for absorbed drug content using a unique drilling/removal system.