Discovery, validation, and diagnostic ability of multiple protein-based biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid to distinguish between health and periodontal diseases.

Aim: To discover and validate differential protein biomarker expression in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to discriminate objectively between periodontal health and plaque-induced periodontal disease states.

Materials And Methods: One-hundred and ninety participants were recruited from two centres (Birmingham and Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) comprising healthy, gingivitis, periodontitis, and edentulous donors. Samples from the Birmingham cohort were analysed by quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics for biomarker discovery.

Treatment of periodontitis reduces systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes.

Aims: To assess the impact of periodontal treatment on systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: Adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 83) and without diabetes (controls, n = 75) were recruited, and participants with periodontitis received periodontal treatment and 12 months' follow-up. Biomarkers for periodontal inflammation (gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, adiponectin) and serum markers of inflammation and diabetes control (glycated haemoglobin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, leptin, adiponectin) were measured.

Fluid-driven interfacial instabilities and turbulence in bacterial biofilms.

Biofilms are thin layers of bacteria embedded within a slime matrix that live on surfaces. They are ubiquitous in nature and responsible for many medical and dental infections, industrial fouling and are also evident in ancient fossils. A biofilm structure is shaped by growth, detachment and response to mechanical forces acting on them.

Smoking decreases structural and functional resilience in the subgingival ecosystem.

Aims: Dysbiotic microbial communities underlie the aetiology of several oral diseases, especially in smokers. The ability of an ecosystem to rebound from the dysbiotic state and re-establish a health-compatible community, a characteristic known as resilience, plays an important role in susceptibility to future disease. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of smoking on colonization dynamics and resilience in marginal and subgingival biofilms.

Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet?

Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time.

Clinical and subclinical effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in subjects representing a spectrum of periodontal disease.

Aim: Investigate short-term effects of power brushing following experimental induction of biofilm overgrowth in periodontal disease states.

Materials And Methods: Overall, 175 subjects representing each of five biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) periodontal groups were enrolled in a single-blind, randomized study. After stent-induced biofilm overgrowth for 21 days subjects received either a manual or a power toothbrush to use during a 4 weeks resolution phase.

Host-bacterial interactions during induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in current smokers.

Background: Changes in clinical profiles, microbial succession, and immune mediator fluctuations have all been separately examined during onset and resolution of experimental gingivitis in smokers. However, because both the bacterial challenge and the host response contribute to periodontal disease, the purpose of this investigation is to simultaneously examine clinical, bacterial, and immune changes that occur during the onset and resolution of disease in smokers.

Methods: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 15 smokers for 21 days, followed by treatment with a sonic toothbrush for 21 days.

Tobacco smoking affects bacterial acquisition and colonization in oral biofilms.

Recent evidence suggests that smoking affects the composition of the disease-associated subgingival biofilm, yet little is known about its effects during the formation of this biofilm. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the contributions of smoking to the composition and proinflammatory characteristics of the biofilm during de novo plaque formation. Marginal and subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 15 current smokers and from 15 individuals who had never smoked (nonsmokers) following 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of undisturbed plaque formation.

Changes in gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory mediator levels during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans.

Aim: The goal of this study is to characterize the changes in 33 biomarkers within the gingival crevicular fluid during the 3-week induction and 4-week resolution of stent-induced, biofilm overgrowth mediated, experimental gingivitis in humans.

Methods: Experimental gingivitis was induced in 25 subjects for 21 days followed by treatment with a sonic powered toothbrush for 28 days. Clinical indices and gingival crevicular fluids were collected weekly during induction and biweekly during resolution.

The impact of powered and manual toothbrushing on incipient gingival recession.

Aim: To compare clinical effects of manual and powered toothbrushes on sites of localized gingival recession over 12 months. To evaluate patterns and the extent of toothbrush bristle wear.

Methods: A longitudinal, single-blind, randomized, parallel group clinical trial compared the effects of one manual and one powered toothbrush on incipient lesions of localized gingival recession.

Total protein concentration and total bacterial load as measures of residual interproximal plaque in comparative clinical trials.

Aim: Establish total protein concentration and total bacterial load as quantitative measures of residual interproximal plaque (IPP) in a clinical model designed to evaluate oral hygiene interventions.

Material And Methods: This clinical model was a randomized, examiner and laboratory technician-blinded, parallel-design study whereby levels of residual IPP were compared for subjects using a manual toothbrush or a toothbrush+floss. Differences between interventions were compared after 7 and 21 days of use.

Effect of manual and powered toothbrushes on orthodontic bracket bond strength.

Purpose: To assess in vitro the effect of manual and powered toothbrushes on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Methods: Specimens of orthodontic brackets bonded to the surfaces of extracted teeth were exposed to one of two powered toothbrushes (Sonicare Elite, Braun Oral-B 3D Excel) or a manual toothbrush (Oral-B 35) for the equivalent of a 2-year exposure to brushing in the presence of toothpaste slurry. Control specimens underwent no brushing.