Publications by authors named "Mark Urken"

Background: Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy is commonly used as an adjunct or alternative to surgery for treating head and neck cancer (HNC). In rare cases, radiation-induced side effects such as posterior pharyngeal wall necrosis, fistula formation, and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) can lead to dangerous complications of the cervical spine (C-spine).

Methods: We conducted a literature review on C-spine ORN in HNC, and we reported four additional cases following the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma.

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Purpose: Surgical pathology reports play an integral role in postoperative management of head and neck cancer patients. Pathology reports of complex head and neck resections must convey critical information to all involved clinicians. Previously, we demonstrated the utility of 3D specimen and defect scanning for communicating margin status and documenting the location of supplemental margins.

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Context: Supraphysiologic thyroxine (T4) doses are used in intermediate and high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (IR/HR-DTC) to suppress tumor progression by thyrotropin (TSH). However, preclinical data suggest that T4 can also act as a growth stimulus for cancer, but there is no clinical evidence supporting this claim.

Objective: We analyzed the association between free T4 (FT4) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with IR/HR-DTC.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates the outcomes of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who underwent adjuvant reirradiation (re-RT) with proton therapy following salvage surgery after previous radiation therapy.
  • A retrospective analysis of 22 patients showed that the treatment was well-tolerated, with most patients completing re-RT without significant delays or requiring feeding tubes; however, some experienced severe acute toxicity.
  • Results indicated favorable locoregional recurrence-free survival (95.2% at 6 months) and overall survival rates (100% at 6 months), although there were some late complications like osteoradionecrosis in a few patients.
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Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive and rare neuroendocrine tumor, accounting for less than 1% of skin cancers. Metastasis primarily manifests in the cervical lymph nodes but rarely affect the thyroid.

Methods: We report a case of primary head and neck cutaneous MCC with metastasis to the thyroid gland.

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We present a novel, efficient approach to demonstrating supplemental margins during oncologic resection. Surgeons and pathologists annotated 10 virtual models of surgical defects and resection specimens in 3D using an iPad-based application, Procreate®. Incorporating this method into the surgical workflow can improve interdepartmental communication and provide visual documentation of surgical steps taken to address at-risk margins.

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Background: Recognizing aggressive tumor biology is essential to optimizing patient management for papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). Aggressive lymph node (ALN) status is one feature that influences decision-making. We evaluated genomic deletions in regions of tumor suppressor genes, detected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, to understand causal alterations linked to thyroid cancer aggressiveness and to serve as a molecular diagnostic biomarker for ALN status.

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Objective: Poorly-differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is a highly aggressive malignancy which is recently defined and understudied in the radiologic literature. Necrosis is a key histopathologic criterion for the diagnosis of PDTC. We illustrate the current difficulty in accurate identification of histopathologic necrosis on preoperative imaging.

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Background: We have demonstrated the effectiveness of 3D resection specimen scanning for communicating margin results. We now address the corresponding surgical defect by debuting 3D defect models, which allow for accurate annotations of harvested supplemental margins.

Methods: Surgical defects were rendered into 3D models, which were annotated to document the precise location of harvested supplemental margins.

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Background: Vagus nerve paragangliomas are rare tumors, comprising 0.03% of head and neck neoplasms. These tumors are usually located cephalad to the hyoid bone, and there is only one previously reported case that arose from the lower third of the neck.

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Objective: Opportunities exist to improve intraoperative communication and documentation of resection margin details. We instituted a "frozen section timeout" that centers around visualization of the paired resection specimen and surgical defect-facilitating effective, bidirectional exchange of information.

Methods: We designed an interactive form for use during the "frozen section timeout" including annotated 3D virtual models of the resected specimen and surgical defect, plus a "line-item" table for primary and supplemental margin results.

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Frozen section has remained the diagnostic gold standard for intraoperative pathological evaluation of surgical margins for head and neck specimens. While achieving tumor-free margins is of utmost importance to all head and neck surgeons, in practice, there are numerous debates and a lack of standardization for the role and method of intraoperative pathologic consultation. This review serves as a summary guide to the historical and contemporary practice of frozen section analysis and margin mapping in head and neck cancer.

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Background: While a single-stage free-flap reconstruction is the preferred approach for oromandibular defects, a multistaged approach may be necessary in rare cases. These patients can still be effectively restored with functional and aesthetic improvements.

Methods: We report two cases with a history of bilateral failed fibula free flaps.

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Background: Struma ovarii is an unusual ovarian teratoma containing predominantly thyroid tissue. Less than 10% of cases undergo malignant transformation in the thyroid tissue and are considered malignant struma ovarii (MSO). MSO have been reported with concurrent thyroid lesions, but molecular data is lacking.

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Surgical treatment for thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea often involves circumferential tracheal resection and primary tracheal repair. This procedure involves a significant risk of anastomotic breakdown. We present a novel approach to cricotracheal repair using an SCM flap bolster designed to reduce the risk of anastomotic complications.

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Background: Frozen section analysis of oral cancer specimens is ideal for assessing margin distances and depth of invasion (DOI); the latter impacts intraoperative decisions regarding elective neck dissection (END). Here, we show that intraoperative determination of worst pattern of invasion (WPOI), specifically WPOI-5, has a high level of accuracy. This relates to our demonstration herein that WPOI-5 predicts occult cervical metastases (OCM) for pT1 oral squamous carcinoma (OSC).

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Background: Oropharyngeal squamous carcinomas cause significant morbidity and mortality. Poor prognosticators include lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Extratumoral phenotypes of these histologic findings confer worse prognoses.

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Background: Low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (LR-PTC) can be managed by immediate surgery (IS) or active surveillance (AS). We compare the psychological impact of these treatments on patients with LR-PTC.

Methods: Psychological data were collected over 1 year, with assessments at the time of treatment decision (T1), at 6 months (T2) and 12 months (T3) follow-up.

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Study Design: case series.

Objective: The restoration of defects in a single procedure with microvascular free flap reconstruction has become a mainstay of head and neck surgery. Yet in patients with complex defects and pre-existing comorbid medical conditions, a staged-reconstructive approach can enhance the safety of the procedure and improve the patient's outcome.

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Background: The current standard of documenting and communicating frozen section margin results is inefficient. We present a novel method of generating 3D digital models of gross tumor specimens to more clearly visualize histopathological margin results.

Methods: Fifty-five head and neck specimens were scanned and virtually "inked" using 3D software.

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Introduction: The diagnosis of tall cell variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (TCV-PTC) corresponds to the feature of "aggressive histology" within the framework of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) Risk of Recurrence (ROR) guidelines. Using the current World Health Organization (WHO) definition for TCV-PTC (tall cells with height at least twice the width, distribution ≥ 30 %), we examined the impact of this diagnosis on disease-free survival (DFS).

Methods: The study cohort consisted of 347 patients treated for primary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

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Open-mouth deformity after mandibular resection presents a challenge for surgeons and patients, contributing to significant functional and cosmetic morbidity. We present an innovative surgical technique to prevent or correct open-mouth deformity. Tensor fascia lata slings were utilized in combination with maxillomandibular fixation to surgically correct or prevent open-mouth deformity in four patients who had previously undergone mandibulectomy or at the time of a contralateral mandibulectomy following prior hemimandibulectomy and reconstruction.

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