Generative replay underlies compositional inference in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.

Human reasoning depends on reusing pieces of information by putting them together in new ways. However, very little is known about how compositional computation is implemented in the brain. Here, we ask participants to solve a series of problems that each require constructing a whole from a set of elements.

How effective are perches in promoting bird-mediated seed dispersal for natural forest regeneration? A systematic review protocol.

Background: Forest landscape restoration (FLR), often through tree planting, is one of the priorities in many global and national initiatives for carbon offsetting as part of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. However, active efforts to meet FLR objectives entail substantial costs for the procurement of planting stocks and require an experienced workforce for planting and nurturing tree seedlings. Alternatively, restoration projects can be more cost-effective and potentially may have greater biodiversity gain through assisting and accelerating natural forest regeneration.

Identifying the climatic drivers of honey bee disease in England and Wales.

Honey bee colony health has received considerable attention in recent years, with many studies highlighting multifactorial issues contributing to colony losses. Disease and weather are consistently highlighted as primary drivers of colony loss, yet little is understood about how they interact. Here, we combined disease records from government honey bee health inspections with meteorological data from the CEDA to identify how weather impacts EFB, AFB, CBP, varroosis, chalkbrood and sacbrood.

Recolonization by Slugs: Vertical and Horizontal Dispersal by the Field Slug, .

Following treatment with molluscicides or other controls, slugs can recolonize a site very quickly, but the proportion of the colonizing slugs moving from adjacent areas (horizontal dispersal) and the proportion from within the soil (vertical dispersal) has not previously been established. At a grassland site, barriers were used to exclude and trap slugs in order to estimate horizontal and vertical movement over a period of 32 months. For the first 15 months vertical movement made a significant contribution to the slugs recolonizing a grassland area.

The Tolman-Eichenbaum Machine: Unifying Space and Relational Memory through Generalization in the Hippocampal Formation.

The hippocampal-entorhinal system is important for spatial and relational memory tasks. We formally link these domains, provide a mechanistic understanding of the hippocampal role in generalization, and offer unifying principles underlying many entorhinal and hippocampal cell types. We propose medial entorhinal cells form a basis describing structural knowledge, and hippocampal cells link this basis with sensory representations.

Not All Slugs Are the Same: Variation in Growth and Development of the Slug .

Models to forecast slug populations make assumptions about growth and mortality in response to environmental factors. To refine these models, the growth trajectories and survival of , a worldwide pest, hatching in spring and autumn were compared at three rearing temperatures (ambient, 12 °C and 15 °C). reared under identical conditions showed great variation in growth and strong bimodality in growth rates.

Transferring structural knowledge across cognitive maps in humans and models.

Relations between task elements often follow hidden underlying structural forms such as periodicities or hierarchies, whose inferences fosters performance. However, transferring structural knowledge to novel environments requires flexible representations that are generalizable over particularities of the current environment, such as its stimuli and size. We suggest that humans represent structural forms as abstract basis sets and that in novel tasks, the structural form is inferred and the relevant basis set is transferred.

High Risk Behaviors for HIV and STIs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Aged 15-19 Years - Guangzhou City and Tianjin Municipality, China, 2018.

What Is Already Known On This Topic?: There has been a steady increase of new reported HIV infections in individuals aged 15-24 years, primarily from self-reported men who have sex with men (MSM).

What Is Added By This Report?: MSM aged 15-19 years practiced behaviors that put them at high risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Systems to address their unique risks and vulnerabilities in both school settings and in high impact HIV interventions may be inadequate.

Effects of Primary Biliary Cholangitis on Quality of Life and Health Care Costs in the United Kingdom.

Background & Aims: There have been few high-quality studies of the costs, preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and cost effectiveness of treatments for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We aimed to estimate the marginal effects of PBC complications and symptoms, accounting for treatment, on HRQoL and the annual cost of health care in the United Kingdom (UK). These are essential components for evaluation of cost effectiveness and this information will aid in evaluation of new treatments.

Chronic bee paralysis as a serious emerging threat to honey bees.

Chronic bee paralysis is a well-defined viral disease of honey bees with a global distribution that until recently caused rare but severe symptomatology including colony loss. Anecdotal evidence indicates a recent increase in virus incidence in several countries, but no mention of concomitant disease. We use government honey bee health inspection records from England and Wales to test whether chronic bee paralysis is an emerging infectious disease and investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of disease.

Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Surgical Smoke Generated from Electrocautery Instruments: A Pilot Study.

Hospital technician surgical smoke exposures during several types of electrocautery-based procedures were evaluated. Personal and area air sampling was performed for 106 individual analytes including ultrafine particulate matter (UFP), volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. Acetone, d-limonene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and fluorene were measured in surgical suites at concentrations 1.

How to Observe Users' Movements in Virtual Environments: Viewpoint Control in a Power Wheelchair Simulator.

Objective: We describe a networked, two-user virtual reality (VR) power wheelchair (PWC) simulator system in which an actor (client) and an observer (clinician) meet. We then present a study with 15 observers (expert clinicians) evaluating the effect of three principal forms of viewpoint control (egocentric-egomotion, egocentric-tethered, and client-centric) on the observer's assessment of driving tasks in a virtual environment (VE).

Background: VR allows for the simulation and assessment of real-world tasks in a controlled, safe, and repeatable environment.

Transmission routes of rare seasonal diseases: the case of norovirus infections.

Norovirus (NoV) is the most commonly recognized cause of acute gastroenteritis, with over a million cases globally per year. While usually self-limiting, NoV poses a substantial economic burden because it is highly contagious and there are multiple transmission routes. Infection occurs through inhalation of vomitus; faecal-oral spread; and food, water and environmental contamination.

Staphylococcal resistance profiles in deep infection following primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a study using the NJR dataset.

Introduction: This study aimed to (1) report the rates of resistance against a variety of antibiotics for pure Staphylococcal infections, and (2) examine the impact of ALBC use at primary surgery has on resistance patterns for patients undergoing first-time revision of primary hip and knee arthroplasty for indication of infection.

Materials And Methods: Data from the National Joint Registry database for England and Wales were linked to microbiology data held by Public Health England to identify a consecutive series of 258 primary hip and knee arthroplasties performed between April 2003 and January 2014 that went on to have a revision for Staphylococcal deep periprosthetic infection. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to study predictors of microorganism resistance to a range of antimicrobials.

Climate, human behaviour or environment: individual-based modelling of Campylobacter seasonality and strategies to reduce disease burden.

Background: With over 800 million cases globally, campylobacteriosis is a major cause of food borne disease. In temperate climates incidence is highly seasonal but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, making human disease control difficult. We hypothesised that observed disease patterns reflect complex interactions between weather, patterns of human risk behaviour, immune status and level of food contamination.

What Is a Cognitive Map? Organizing Knowledge for Flexible Behavior.

It is proposed that a cognitive map encoding the relationships between entities in the world supports flexible behavior, but the majority of the neural evidence for such a system comes from studies of spatial navigation. Recent work describing neuronal parallels between spatial and non-spatial behaviors has rekindled the notion of a systematic organization of knowledge across multiple domains. We review experimental evidence and theoretical frameworks that point to principles unifying these apparently disparate functions.

Oropharyngeal Microbiota in Frail Older Patients Unaffected by Time in Hospital.

Respiratory tract infections are the commonest nosocomial infections, and occur predominantly in frailer, older patients with multiple comorbidities. The oropharyngeal microbiota is the major reservoir of infection. This study explored the relative contributions of time in hospital and patient demographics to the community structure of the oropharyngeal microbiota in older patients with lower limb fracture.

Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus: A model based on short-term synaptic plasticity.

Hippocampal place cells represent different environments with distinct neural activity patterns. Following an abrupt switch between two familiar configurations of visual cues defining two environments, the hippocampal neural activity pattern switches almost immediately to the corresponding representation. Surprisingly, during a transient period following the switch to the new environment, occasional fast transitions between the two activity patterns (flickering) were observed (Jezek, Henriksen, Treves, Moser, & Moser, ).

Mechanisms Affecting the Gut of Preterm Infants in Enteral Feeding Trials.

Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in preterm infants offer unique opportunities for mechanistic evaluation of the risk factors leading to serious diseases, as well as the actions of interventions designed to prevent them. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) a serious inflammatory gut condition and late-onset sepsis (LOS) are common feeding and nutrition-related problems that may cause death or serious long-term morbidity and are key outcomes in two current UK National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR) trials. Speed of increasing milk feeds trial (SIFT) randomized preterm infants to different rates of increases in milk feeds with a primary outcome of survival without disability at 2 years corrected age.

Inadequate pre-operative glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus adversely influences functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty : Patients with impaired glycaemic control exhibit poorer functional outcomes at 1-year post-arthroplasty.

Purpose: Whilst inadequate glycaemic control is associated with an increase in perioperative complications following total knee arthroplasty, the impact of glycaemic control in this at-risk patient group remains ill-defined. Identification of at-risk patients would allow targeted pre-operative glycaemic control intervention.

Methods: One hundred consecutive patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and one hundred age, sex and BMI matched patients without diabetes undergoing total knee arthroplasty in a single institution were analysed between 2008 and 2013.

GP contact with patients after treatment for hip fracture: frequency and determinants.

Background: Patients with hip fracture have complex medical issues, both at the time of admission and after discharge from hospital. We have observed a surge in patient-initiated and carer-initiated contacts with general physicians (GPs) for periods longer than those usually reported, in a series of patients sustaining fractures from July 2008 to September 2013.

Objectives: To establish (1) the frequency of contact with GPs (primary outcome) and (2) the factors influencing the frequency of different modes of contact.

Ablative therapy for people with localised prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation.

Background: For people with localised prostate cancer, active treatments are effective but have significant side effects. Minimally invasive treatments that destroy (or ablate) either the entire gland or the part of the prostate with cancer may be as effective and cause less side effects at an acceptable cost. Such therapies include cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and brachytherapy, among others.

Exposure misclassification due to residential mobility during pregnancy.

Objectives: Pregnant women are a highly mobile group, yet studies suggest exposure error due to migration in pregnancy is minimal. We aimed to investigate the impact of maternal residential mobility on exposure to environmental variables (urban fabric, roads and air pollution (PM10 and NO₂)) and socio-economic factors (deprivation) that varied spatially and temporally.

Methods: We used data on residential histories for deliveries at ≥ 24 weeks gestation recorded by the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey, 2000-2008 (n=5399) to compare: (a) exposure at conception assigned to maternal postcode at delivery versus maternal postcode at conception, and (b) exposure at conception assigned to maternal postcode at delivery versus mean exposure based on residences throughout pregnancy.

Achieving best practice tariff may not reflect improved survival after hip fracture treatment.

Objective: The best practice tariff (BPT) incentivizes hospitals in the England and Wales National Health Service to provide multiprofessional care to patients with hip fractures. The initial six targets included: 1) admission under consultant-led joint orthopedic-geriatric care, 2) multidisciplinary assessment protocol on admission, 3) surgery within 36 hours, 4) geriatrician review within 72 hours, 5) multiprofessional rehabilitation, and 6) assessment for falls and bone protection. We aimed to examine the relationship between BPT achievement and important patient outcomes and whether the BPT could predict these independently of other validated predictors.