Field-Scale Gene Flow of Fungicide Resistance in f. and the Effect of Selection Pressure on the Population Structure.

The effectiveness of fungicides to control foliar fungal crop diseases is being diminished by the increasing spread of resistance to fungicides. One approach that may help to maintain efficacy is remediation of resistant populations by sensitive ones. However, the success of such approaches can be compromised by re-incursion of resistance through aerial spore dispersal, although knowledge of localized gene flow is lacking.

Spatial Dependency in Stubble-Borne f. and Influence of Sample Support Size on DNA Concentration and Fungicide Resistance Frequency.

Fungicide resistance in foliar fungal pathogens is an increasing challenge to crop production. Yield impacts due to loss of fungicide efficacy may be reduced through effective surveillance and appropriate management intervention. For stubble-borne pathogens, off-season crop residues may be used to monitor fungicide resistance to inform pre-planting decisions; however, appropriate sampling strategies and support sizes for crop residues have not previously been considered.

Spatiotemporal patterns of wheat response to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in asymptomatic regions revealed by transcriptomic and X-ray fluorescence microscopy analyses.

Pathogen attacks elicit dynamic and widespread molecular responses in plants. While our understanding of plant responses has advanced considerably, little is known of the molecular responses in the asymptomatic 'green' regions adjoining lesions. Here, we explore gene expression data and high-resolution elemental imaging to report the spatiotemporal changes in the asymptomatic green region of susceptible and moderately resistant wheat cultivars infected with a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.

Optimized Sample Processing Pipeline for PCR-Based Fungicide Resistance Quantification of Stubble-Borne Fungal Pathogens.

Globally, yield losses associated with failed crop protection due to fungicide-resistant pathogens present an increasing problem. For stubble-borne pathogens, assessment of crop residues during the off-season could provide early fungicide resistance quantification for informed management decisions to mitigate yield losses. However, stubble assessment is hampered by assay inhibitors that are derived from decaying organic matter.

Impact of different processing techniques on the key volatile profile, sensory, and consumer acceptance of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini).

Fresh truffles which include black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini) deteriorate and lose aroma rapidly after harvest; therefore, postharvest processing via freeze-drying or encapsulation is an option to preserve truffle aroma for extended supply. However, the aroma profile that directly affects the truffle quality and consumer acceptance is influenced by processing and producers require processing options that balance processing feasibility with retention of a suitable aroma profile. This study aimed to determine the impact of freeze-drying and encapsulation on the profile of key volatiles, consumer discrimination, and overall sensory impression (aroma intensity, liking, and acceptability) of processed truffle products compared to the starting material (positive control).

Comparative evaluation of encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin versus freeze-drying for better retention and stabilizing of black Périgord truffle (Tuber melanosporum) aroma.

This study aimed to develop a novel technique to retain and stabilize compounds contributing to truffle aroma by encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the key volatile profile and microbial population of products resulting from three different encapsulation methods, namely direct mixing method (M1), direct mixing followed by ethanol addition method (M2), and paste method (M3), were compared with untreated truffles (positive control) over a 90-day period.

Methods used for extraction of plant volatiles have potential to preserve truffle aroma: A review.

Truffles are considered one of the world's most highly prized foods mainly due to their desirable organoleptic properties and rarity. However, truffles are seasonal (harvested mostly in winter from June to August in the Southern Hemisphere and from December to February in the Northern Hemisphere) and extremely perishable. Truffles deteriorate rapidly showing undesirable changes within 10 days from harvest in aroma and visual appearance after harvest.

"Wax On, Wax Off": In Vivo Imaging of Plant Physiology and Disease with Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy.

Analysis of the epicuticular wax layer on the surface of plant leaves can provide a unique window into plant physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Well-established analytical methodologies can quantify epicuticular wax composition, yet few methods are capable of imaging wax distribution in situ or in vivo. Here, the first report of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopic imaging as a non-destructive, in situ, method to investigate variation in epicuticular wax distribution at 25 µm spatial resolution is presented.

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy-enabled elemental mapping illuminates the 'battle for nutrients' between plant and pathogen.

Metal homeostasis is integral to normal plant growth and development. During plant-pathogen interactions, the host and pathogen compete for the same nutrients, potentially impacting nutritional homeostasis. Our knowledge of outcome of the interaction in terms of metal homeostasis is still limited.

Real-Time PCR for Diagnosing and Quantifying Co-infection by Two Globally Distributed Fungal Pathogens of Wheat.

Co-infections - invasions of a host-plant by multiple pathogen species or strains - are common, and are thought to have consequences for pathogen ecology and evolution. Despite their apparent significance, co-infections have received limited attention; in part due to lack of suitable quantitative tools for monitoring of co-infecting pathogens. Here, we report on a duplex real-time PCR assay that simultaneously distinguishes and quantifies co-infections by two globally important fungal pathogens of wheat: and .

Analysis of the nexus between population, water resources and Global Food Security highlights significance of governance and research investments and policy priorities.

Background: Analyses of sensitivity of Global Food Security (FS) score to a key set of supply or demand factors often suggest population and water supply as being the most critical and on which policies tend to focus. To explore other policy options, we characterized the nexus between GFS and a set of supply or demand factors including population, agricultural and industrial water uses, agricultural publications (as a surrogate for investment in agricultural research and development (R&D)) and corruption perception index (CPI), to reveal opportunities for attaining enduring GFS.

Results: We found that despite being the primary driver of demand for food, population showed no significant correlation with FS scores.

Host-Multi-Pathogen Warfare: Pathogen Interactions in Co-infected Plants.

Studies of plant-pathogen interactions have historically focused on simple models of infection involving single host-single disease systems. However, plant infections often involve multiple species and/or genotypes and exhibit complexities not captured in single host-single disease systems. Here, we review recent insights into co-infection systems focusing on the dynamics of host-multi-pathogen interactions and the implications for host susceptibility/resistance.

Smoke-derived taint in wine: the release of smoke-derived volatile phenols during fermentation of Merlot juice following grapevine exposure to smoke.

The release of smoke-derived volatile phenols during the fermentation of Merlot grapes, following grapevine exposure to smoke, has been investigated. The concentrations of guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, and eugenol were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found to increase throughout the winemaking process. Only trace levels (< or = 1 microg/L) of guaiacol and 4-methylguaiacol could be detected in free run juice derived from the fruit of smoked vines; the highest levels, 388 microg/L and 93 microg/L, respectively, were observed in the finished wine.

Smoke-derived taint in wine: effect of postharvest smoke exposure of grapes on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of wine.

Although smoke exposure has been associated with the development of smoke taint in grapes and subsequently in wine, to date there have been no studies that have demonstrated a direct link. In this study, postharvest smoke exposure of grapes was utilized to demonstrate that smoke significantly influences the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of wine and causes an apparent 'smoke taint'. Verdelho grapes were exposed to straw-derived smoke for 1 h and then fermented according to two different winemaking treatments.

Whole-plant transpiration efficiency of Sultana grapevine grown under saline conditions is increased through the use of a Cl--excluding rootstock.

The aim of this study was to test the influence of salinity (1, 20, 40 and 80 mol m) on the transpiration efficiency (W = biomass / water transpired), lamina gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana) grown on own roots or grafted to a Cl-excluding rootstock (Ramsey; Vitis champiniL.

Influence of saline irrigation on growth, ion accumulation and partitioning, and leaf gas exchange of carrot (Daucus carota L.).

Like those of many horticultural crop species, the growth and leaf gas exchange responses of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to salinity are poorly understood. In this study ion accumulation in root tissues (periderm, xylem and phloem tissues) and in leaves of different ages was assessed for carrot plants grown in the field with a low level of salinity (5.