The Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Community Indoor Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Quantifying the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in indoor settings is crucial for developing effective non-vaccine prevention strategies and policies. However, summary evidence on the transmission risks in settings other than households, schools, elderly care, and health care facilities is limited. We conducted a systematic review to estimate the secondary attack rates (SARs) of SARS-CoV-2 and the factors modifying transmission risk in community indoor settings.

Influenza vaccination hesitancy and its determinants among elderly in China: A national cross-sectional study.

Background: The Chinese elderly face a significant threat from seasonal influenza, owing to the consistently low vaccination coverage. This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of influenza vaccination hesitancy among the Chinese elderly.

Methods: In 2019, 3849 elderly individuals from 10 provinces in China were recruited in a cross-sectional survey.

Willingness and uptake of the COVID-19 testing and vaccination in urban China during the low-risk period: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Regular testing and vaccination are effective measures to mitigate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence on the willingness and uptake of the COVID-19 testing is scarce, and the willingness and uptake of vaccination may change as the pandemic evolves. This study aims to examine willingness and uptake of COVID-19 testing and vaccination during a low-risk period of the COVID-19 pandemic in urban China.

Trends and disparities in diabetes care following China's healthcare reform: Evidence from the 2011-12 and 2015-16 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

To address the high burden of diabetes, China has managed to strengthen diabetes care during the past decade. This study aimed to examine trends and disparities in the coverage of diabetes care among diabetes patients aged 45 years and older following China's healthcare reform. We used data from the 2011-12 baseline survey and 2015-16 follow-up survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).

Influenza vaccination uptake and its determinants during the 2019-2020 and early 2020-2021 flu seasons among migrants in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional survey.

Influenza vaccination coverage has generally been low in mainland China. However, few studies have attempted to measure influenza vaccination coverage among internal migrants in China who are at an increased risk of influenza infections. This study assessed influenza vaccination coverage and the factors associated with vaccination uptake among internal migrants in Shanghai, China.

Associations between parent-child relationship, and children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms, and lifestyle behaviors in China during the COVID-19 epidemic.

To investigate associations between parent-child relationships, children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms, and lifestyle responses to the COVID-19 epidemic, we conducted an online survey of a random, representative sample of residents with children aged 3-17 years during mid-March 2020 in Wuhan and Shanghai, China. A total of 1655 parents and children were surveyed with a response rate of 80.1% in the survey.

Public Interest in Distribution and Determinants of Influenza and Pneumonia Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Infodemiology and Cross-Sectional Study from China.

Background: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, global interest in influenza vaccines and pneumonia vaccines has increased significantly. We aimed to examine public interest in and actual market circulation of influenza and pneumonia vaccines before and after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 and estimate the coverage and determinants of influenza and pneumonia vaccination uptake following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We obtained search volume data for vaccines using the Baidu search index and collected the numbers of vaccines issued from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control.

Vaccination coverage and the factors influencing routine childhood vaccination uptake among communities experiencing disadvantage in Vellore, southern India: a mixed-methods study.

Background: In 2015, the Vellore district in southern India was selected for intensified routine immunization, targeting children from communities experiencing disadvantage such as migrant, tribal, and other hard-to-reach groups. This mixed-methods study was conducted to assess routine immunization coverage and the factors influencing childhood vaccination uptake among these communities in Vellore.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey (n = 100) and six focus group discussions (n = 43) among parents of children aged 12-23 months from the known communities experiencing disadvantage in Vellore during 2017 and 2018.

Confidence, Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for the COVID-19 Vaccine among Migrants in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Understanding the public's attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination and their acceptance could help facilitate the COVID-19 rollout. This study aimed to assess the acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for the COVID-19 vaccine among migrants in Shanghai, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2126 migrants in Shanghai for the period 1-20 November 2020.

Access to Vaccination Information and Confidence/Hesitancy Towards Childhood Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China.

Access to vaccination information could influence public attitudes towards vaccination. This study investigated the number and types of vaccination-related information sources, and estimated their associations with vaccine confidence and hesitancy in China. In January 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in China, and 2122 caregivers with children <6 years completed self-administered questionnaires.

The determinants of vaccine hesitancy in China: A cross-sectional study following the Changchun Changsheng vaccine incident.

Introduction: Vaccine hesitancy is cited as one of the top threats to global health. The Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology Company was found to have violated good manufacturing practices in July 2018, leading to widespread distribution of sub-potent vaccines in China. We estimated the prevalence and determinants of vaccine hesitancy following the Changchun Changsheng vaccine incident (CCVI).

Factors that influence vaccination decision-making among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The most important factor influencing maternal vaccination uptake is healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation. However, where data are available, one-third of pregnant women remain unvaccinated despite receiving a recommendation. Therefore, it is essential to understand the significance of other factors and distinguish between vaccines administered routinely and during outbreaks.

Vaccination coverage and factors associated with routine childhood vaccination uptake in rural Vellore, southern India, 2017.

Background: Vellore district in southern India was selected for intensified immunization efforts through India's Mission Indradhanush campaign based on 74% coverage in the National Family Health Survey in 2015. As rural households rely almost entirely on the Universal Immunization Program (UIP), we assessed routine immunization coverage and factors associated with vaccination status of children in rural Vellore.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional household survey among parents or primary caretakers of children aged 12-23 months during August-September 2017 using two-stage, EPI cluster sampling.

Factors associated with routine childhood vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination in India: 1998-2008.

Background: Despite almost three decades of the Universal Immunization Program in India, a little more than half the children aged 12-23months receive the full schedule of routine vaccinations. We examined socio-demographic factors associated with partial-vaccination and non-vaccination and the reasons for non-vaccination among Indian children during 1998 and 2008.

Methods: Data from three consecutive, nationally-representative, District Level Household and Facility Surveys (1998-99, 2002-04 and 2007-08) were pooled.

Epidemiology & risk factors of scrub typhus in south India.

Background & Objectives: Scrub typhus is a major public health threat in South and Southeastern Asian countries including India. Understanding local patterns of disease and factors that place individuals at risk is pivotal to future preventive measures against scrub typhus. The primary aim of this study was to identify specific epidemiological and geographical factors associated with an increased risk of developing scrub typhus in this region.

Effectiveness of Membrane Filtration to Improve Drinking Water: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Rural Southern India.

Since point-of-use methods of water filtration have shown limited acceptance in Vellore, southern India, this study evaluated the effectiveness of decentralized membrane filtration 1) with safe storage, 2) without safe storage, versus 3) no intervention, consisting of central chlorination as per government guidelines, in improving the microbiological quality of drinking water and preventing childhood diarrhea. Periodic testing of water sources, pre-/postfiltration samples, and household water, and a biweekly follow up of children less than 2 years of age was done for 1 year. The membrane filters achieved a log reduction of 0.

Quantifying tap-to-household water quality deterioration in urban communities in Vellore, India: The impact of spatial assumptions.

Municipal water sources in India have been found to be highly contaminated, with further water quality deterioration occurring during household storage. Quantifying water quality deterioration requires knowledge about the exact source tap and length of water storage at the household, which is not usually known. This study presents a methodology to link source and household stored water, and explores the effects of spatial assumptions on the association between tap-to-household water quality deterioration and enteric infections in two semi-urban slums of Vellore, India.

Seasonality of water quality and diarrheal disease counts in urban and rural settings in south India.

The study examined relationships among meteorological parameters, water quality and diarrheal disease counts in two urban and three rural sites in Tamil Nadu, India. Disease surveillance was conducted between August 2010 and March 2012; concurrently water samples from street-level taps in piped distribution systems and from household storage containers were tested for pH, nitrate, total dissolved solids, and total and fecal coliforms. Methodological advances in data collection (concurrent prospective disease surveillance and environmental monitoring) and analysis (preserving temporality within the data through time series analysis) were used to quantify independent effects of meteorological conditions and water quality on diarrheal risk.

Perception of drinking water safety and factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of a water quality intervention in rural southern India.

Background: Acceptance and long-term sustainability of water quality interventions are pivotal to realizing continued health benefits. However, there is limited research attempting to understand the factors that influence compliance to or adoption of such interventions.

Methods: Eight focus group discussions with parents of young children--including compliant and not compliant households participating in an intervention study, and three key-informant interviews with village headmen were conducted between April and May 2014 to understand perceptions on the effects of unsafe water on health, household drinking water treatment practices, and the factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of an ongoing water quality intervention in a rural population of southern India.

Risk factors for cryptosporidiosis among children in a semi urban slum in southern India: a nested case-control study.

The risk factors for acquisition of cryptosporidial infection in resource-poor settings are poorly understood. A nested case-control study was conducted to assess factors associated with childhood cryptosporidiosis (detected by stool polymerase chain reaction) in an endemic, Indian slum community using data from two community-based studies with 580 children followed prospectively until their second birthday. Factors were assessed for overall cryptosporidiosis (N = 406), and for multiple (N = 208), asymptomatic (N = 243), and symptomatic (N = 163) infections, respectively.

Perceptions of farmers' and farmworkers' wives on the use and hazards of agrochemicals in rural Vellore.

Poor handling, storage, and application of agrochemicals have resulted in a steep rise in mortality and morbidity associated with their use. This study aimed at assessing the awareness of wives of farmers and farmworkers in rural Vellore on the use and health effects of agrochemicals to identify gaps in their knowledge. A cross-sectional survey among 512 wives was conducted.

Prevalence and clustering of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a tribal area in southern India.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence, spatial patterns and clustering in the distribution of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, and factors associated with hookworm infections in a tribal population in Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods: Cross-sectional study with one-stage cluster sampling of 22 clusters. Demographic and risk factor data and stool samples for microscopic ova/cysts examination were collected from 1237 participants.