Pharmacokinetics of pradofloxacin, florfenicol, and tulathromycin and response to treatment of steers experimentally infected with Mannheimia hemolytica.

Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an economically important disease in the beef industry, and a major driver of therapeutic antibiotic use. Pharmacokinetic data of these drugs is relatively limited in diseased animals.

Hypothesis/objective: To determine the concentrations of pradofloxacin, florfenicol, and tulathromycin in the airways, plasma, and interstitial fluid (ISF) of steers with a clinically relevant model of bacterial respiratory disease.

Determining the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Two Different Doses of Meloxicam in Barred Owls ().

Anthropogenic activities have negatively affected many birds, including owls. The Wildlife Hospital of Louisiana (WHL) has seen a 3.2-fold increase in barred owl () cases over the past eight years (2023, 134; 2015, 42).

Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban and rivaroxaban in dogs.

Background: Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of apixaban and rivaroxaban have not been studied in dogs and the propensity of these drugs to cause hypercoagulability after discontinuation is unknown.

Hypothesis: Compare the PK/PD of clinical dosing regimens of PO apixaban and rivaroxaban administered repeatedly to healthy dogs and assess the effect of abrupt drug discontinuation on coagulation.

Animals: Six University-owned, purpose-bred, middle-aged, mixed-breed dogs (4 male, 2 female).

Auranofin is lethal against feline Tritrichomonas foetus in vitro but ineffective in cats with naturally occurring infection.

Protozoal diarrhea caused by Tritrichomonas foetus (blagburni) is a prevalent, lifelong, and globally distributed burden in domestic cats. Treatment is limited to the use of 5-nitroimidazoles and treatment failure is common. The repurposed gold salt compound auranofin has killing activity against diverse protozoa in vitro but evidence of efficacy in naturally occurring protozoal infections is lacking.

Analysis of US Marketed Artemisinin Supplements for Use in Dogs.

Oral artemisinin has antiparasitic activity and may help improve treatment success rates in dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni. However, these artemisinin products are unapproved and unregulated botanical supplements. They have not been evaluated for safety and efficacy or for strength, purity, or quality compared with a reference standard.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of meloxicam in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii).

Pharmacokinetics studies have investigated meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, dosing strategies in a wide variety of non-domestic animals; however, there is no prior study examining well-founded dosing for pinnipeds. To develop dosing protocols, pharmacokinetic information is needed, with an examination of differences between pinniped species. Apparently, healthy California sea lions (Zalophus californianus: CSL; n = 13) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii: PHS; n = 17) that had completed rehabilitation were enrolled into a population-based pharmacokinetic study.

Penciclovir pharmacokinetics after oral and rectal administration of famciclovir in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) shows that effective concentrations can be achieved from rectal administration, despite lower absorption.

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of famciclovir and its metabolite penciclovir following a single dose administered orally and rectally in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).

Animals: 15 African elephants (6 males and 9 females) of various ages.

Methods: Famciclovir (15 mg/kg) was administered orally or per rectum once, with at least a three-week washout period between administrations.

The effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil in healthy horses.

Additional immunomodulatory treatment is needed for the management of immune-mediated disease in horses. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunomodulatory agent used in human and veterinary medicine for the prevention of graft rejection and the management of autoimmune diseases. Few studies exist investigating the pharmacokinetics of MMF in horses.

Animal drug shortages limit veterinary therapeutic options and introduce artifacts in antimicrobial sales reporting.

Supply chain issues disrupt veterinary care and cause downstream consequences that alter the practice of veterinary medicine. Antimicrobials are just 1 class of pharmaceuticals that have been impacted by supply chain issues over the last couple of years. Since February 2021, 2 sponsors/manufacturers of penicillin products have reported shortages in the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Pharmacokinetics of pimobendan after oral administration to dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.

Background: Pimobendan is an important therapy for dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The pharmacokinetics are reported in healthy dogs but not in dogs with heart disease.

Hypothesis/objectives: To determine if dog characteristics such as age, breed, body condition score, ACVIM stage of heart disease or biochemical laboratory value alter the pharmacokinetics of orally administered pimobendan and its metabolite in a cohort of dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous injection to cats with reduced kidney function.

Background: It is unknown if enrofloxacin accumulates in plasma of cats with reduced kidney function.

Hypothesis: To determine if enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin have reduced clearance in azotemic cats.

Animals: Thirty-four cats hospitalized for clinical illness with variable degree of kidney function.

Revision of fluoroquinolone breakpoints used for interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of canine bacterial isolates.

The fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents, enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin, were US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in the United States for use in dogs in 1988 and 1999, respectively. There have been many advances since then concerning the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) evaluation of fluoroquinolones, and there are data available on the susceptibility of targeted pathogens since the original approval. Using this information, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Veterinary Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee (VAST) revised its antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints.

Effects of storage up to 1 year on the in vitro antimicrobial activity of preformulated antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads.

Objective: To compare antimicrobial activity as demonstrated by the zone of inhibition (ZOI) produced by antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate (CaSO) beads after storage for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Sample Population: Three-millimeter diameter CaSO beads impregnated with vancomycin (125 mg/mL), or amikacin (250 mg/mL), or without antibiotic (control).

Antimicrobial agents in small animal dermatology for treating staphylococcal infections.

Antibiotic recommendations for treating skin infections have been published many times in the past 30 years. Prior to 2000, the recommendations focused on the use of β-lactam antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or β-lactamase stable penicillins. These agents are still recommended, and used, for wild-type methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus spp.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF RECTALLY AND ORALLY ADMINISTERED LEVOFLOXACIN IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS ().

Appropriate and effective antibiotic use is a critical component of veterinary medicine, but there are variations across species regarding dosage and administration of these drugs. Oral or rectal routes of administration are typically used in elephants, but not all medications can achieve adequate concentrations rectally. The fluoroquinolone antimicrobials are used in elephants because of their favorable antimicrobial spectrum and pharmacokinetics compared with other oral agents.

Pharmacokinetics of a FDA-labeled dose of diclazuril administered orally once weekly to adult horses.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) has remained a devastating neurological disease of the Americas, especially in young performance horses. Prophylactic treatment strategies with diclazuril have shown to reduce seroprevalence and titer levels to Sarcocystis neurona in healthy horses continuously exposed to the apicomplexan parasite. The goal of this study was to determine if the FDA-labeled dose of 1 mg/kg of 1.

Gastrointestinal transit time is faster in Beagle dogs compared to cats.

Objective: To characterize gastrointestinal transit times (GITTs) and pH in dogs, and to compare to data recently described for cats.

Animals: 7 healthy, colony-housed Beagles.

Procedures: The GITTs and pH were measured using a continuous pH monitoring system.

Ceftazidime pharmacokinetics in dogs after intravenous injection and delivered with the RxActuator Mini-Infuser infusion pump.

Objective: To test the feasibility of an SC mini-infusion pump to deliver ceftazidime in dogs and produce plasma concentrations sufficient to reach a therapeutic target for 48 hours.

Setting: University research laboratory.

Animals: Six healthy Beagle dogs.

Veterinary antimicrobial prescribing practices for treatment of presumptive sporadic urinary tract infections in dogs examined at primary care practices in the United States (2010-2019).

Objective: To describe patterns of antimicrobial prescriptions for sporadic urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs in the United States from 2010 through 2019, including times before and after publication of International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Disease (ISCAID) guidelines.

Sample: 461,244 qualifying visits for sporadic UTIs.

Procedures: Veterinary electronic medical records of a private corporation consisting of > 1,000 clinics across the United States were examined to identify canine visits for potential sporadic UTI between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019.

Impact of gastrointestinal differences in veterinary species on the oral drug solubility, in vivo dissolution, and formulation of veterinary therapeutics.

Many gaps exist in our understanding of species differences in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid composition and the associated impact of food intake and dietary composition on in vivo drug solubilization. This information gap can lead to uncertainties with regard to how best to formulate pharmaceuticals for veterinary use or the in vitro test conditions that will be most predictive of species-specific in vivo oral product performance. To address these challenges, this overview explores species-specific factors that can influence oral drug solubility and the formulation approaches that can be employed to overcome solubility-associated bioavailability difficulties.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF A SINGLE DOSE OF INTRAMUSCULAR AND ORAL MELOXICAM IN YELLOW STINGRAYS ().

Elasmobranchs are popular display animals in public aquaria and zoos, but medical management gaps remain in the understanding of the pharmacokinetics of analgesics and pain management in these species. Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been evaluated intravenously and intramuscularly in teleosts, but has yet to be studied in any elasmobranch species. The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam were determined in 17 yellow stingrays ().

CEFOVECIN PROTEIN BINDING AS A PREDICTOR FOR EXTENDED DURATION OF ACTION: A REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE AND IN VITRO ANALYSIS IN MULTIPLE ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES.

Cefovecin is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with an efficacy of 2 wk following a single injection in domestic dogs and cats. A high degree of plasma protein binding to cefovecin has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for the long elimination half-life, but protein binding has not been evaluated extensively in nondomestic species. In this study, a review of the current literature was conducted, and pharmacokinetic data were compiled for species in which cefovecin has been evaluated thus far.