Finasteride Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer in a Multiethnic Population.

Purpose: Finasteride use has been associated with a reduced incidence of bladder cancer. However, the majority of studies have been conducted primarily in East Asian or White populations. Given differences in the incidence of bladder cancer among racial/ethnic groups, it is important to determine whether the effect of finasteride use on bladder cancer varies by race/ethnicity.

Clinical Restaging and Tumor Sequencing are Inaccurate Indicators of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

Background: Standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) includes neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by consolidative therapy with either chemoradiation or radical cystectomy (RC). Some patients experience robust pathologic responses to NAC, and these have been reported to associate with somatic mutations in specific gene pathways including DNA damage response genes.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of post-NAC clinical restaging, with or without tumor sequencing, to predict final RC pathologic staging.

SIU-ICUD consultation on bladder cancer: treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive overview and update of the Joint Société Internationale d'Urologie-International Consultation on Urological Diseases (SIU-ICUD) Consultation on Bladder Cancer for muscle-invasive presumably node-negative bladder cancer (MIBC).

Methods: Contemporary literature was analyzed for the latest evidence in treatment options, outcomes, including radical surgery, neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment modalities, and bladder-sparing approaches. An international multi-disciplinary expert panel evaluated and graded the data according to guidelines from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.

Implications of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma variant on prognosis following radical cystectomy: A multi-institutional investigation.

Purpose: To determine the association of micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MUC) variant histology with bladder cancer outcomes after radical cystectomy.

Materials And Methods: Information on MUC patients treated with radical cystectomy was obtained from five academic centers. Data on 1,497 patients were assembled in a relational database.

Oncological Outcomes of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel in Patients with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Background: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unresponsive/relapsing patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who prefer bladder preservation over radical cystectomy (RC) or those who do not qualify for surgery may be offered intravesical therapies. Gemcitabine (GEM) combined with Docetaxel (DOCE) has been offered at Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH).

Objective: To evaluate experience with GEM/DOCE, to confirm safety of the regimen, to identify populations that may benefit most, and to consider the appropriate endpoints for judging efficacy of second line therapies.

Hospital Charges and Length of Stay Following Radical Cystectomy in the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Era.

Objective: To report our center's experience with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for radical cystectomy (RC), specifically evaluating complications, LOS, 30- and 90-day readmissions, and hospital charges. Pathways of this type have been shown to decrease the length of stay (LOS) and postoperative ileus. However, concerns persist that ERAS is costly and increases readmissions.

The third group of the B7-CD28 immune checkpoint family: HHLA2, TMIGD2, B7x, and B7-H3.

The B7-CD28 family of ligands and receptors play important roles in T-cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition. Phylogenetically they can be divided into three groups. The recent discovery of the new molecules (B7-H3 [CD276], B7x [B7-H4/B7S1], and HHLA2 [B7H7/B7-H5]/TMIGD2 [IGPR-1/CD28H]) of the group III has expanded therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of human diseases.

Biomanufacturing Seamless Tubular and Hollow Collagen Scaffolds with Unique Design Features and Biomechanical Properties.

A versatile process to develop designer collagen scaffolds for hollow and tubular tissue engineering applications is presented. This process creates seamless and biomechanically tunable scaffolds ranging from ureter-like microsized tubings to structures with highly customized lumens that resemble intestinal villi, fluid bladders, and alveolar sacs that together with stem cells can potentially be used in preclinical and clinical settings.

A review of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in bladder cancer: From mediator of immune escape to target for treatment.

Purpose: Recent observations have focused attention on the means that human tumors employ to evade host defense systems critical to immune surveillance. The concepts of immunotherapy are familiar to urologists because of the use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin in bladder cancer. Research demonstrating the importance of checkpoint inhibitors in suppressing immune responses against tumors has heightened interest in immunotherapy at a time when there is a need for alternatives to bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Microhematuria assessment an IBCN consensus-Based upon a critical review of current guidelines.

Rationale: Assessment of patients with asymptomatic microhematuria (aMh) has been a challenge to urologists for decades. The aMh is a condition with a high prevalence in the general population and also an established diagnostic indicator of bladder cancer. Acknowledging aMh needs to be assessed within a complex context, multiple guidelines have been developed to identify individuals at high risk of being diagnosed with bladder cancer.

Vesigenurtacel-L (HS-410) in the management of high-grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.

Unlike other malignancies, the death rate of bladder cancer has not declined in several decades, highlighting the need for new treatment options. In the emerging era of immunotherapy, therapeutic cancer vaccines are an attractive option to cure, control and prevent cancer. Despite this, finding a feasible and efficacious vaccine platform has proven elusive across all malignancies.

Infectious complications in transfused patients after radical cystectomy.

Introduction: Infectious complications are common after radical cystectomy (RC), and allogeneic blood transfusions may increase infection risk by an immunosuppressive effect. While it has been suggested that perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) may be associated with adverse oncologic outcomes after RC, no large analyses have assessed whether PBT increases the risk of perioperative infection after RC.

Materials And Methods: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998 to 2011) to study the rate of PBT during RC for bladder cancer and identify infectious complications.

The ratio of CD8 to Treg tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Introduction: Randomized controlled trials of platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for bladder cancer have shown that patients who achieve a pathologic response to NAC exhibit 5 y survival rates of approximately 80-90% while NAC resistant (NR) cases exhibit 5 y survival rates of approximately 30-40%. These findings highlight the need to predict who will benefit from conventional NAC and the need for plausible alternatives.

Methods: The pre-treatment biopsy tissues from a cohort of 41 patients with muscle invasive bladder who were treated with NAC were incorporated in tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry for PD-L1, CD8, and FOXP3 was performed.

Accuracy of urethral frozen section during radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

Objective: Our objective was to determine the accuracy of urethral frozen section (FS) by analyzing our clinical experience.

Materials And Methods: A total of 298 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer with benign or malignant urethral FS were identified between 2000 and 2012. Urethral FS were compared with rereviewed FS to calculate the positive and negative predictive values of the FS.

Do African American Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer have Worse Overall Survival? Accounting for Pathologic Staging and Patient Demographics Beyond Race Makes a Difference.

It is estimated that 74,000 men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with bladder cancer and 16,000 will die from the disease in 2015. The incidence of bladder cancer in Caucasian males is double that of African American males, but African American men and women have worse survival. Although factors contributing to this disparity have been analyzed, there is still great uncertainty as to why this disparity exists.

Blood Transfusion is Associated with Increased Perioperative Morbidity and Adverse Oncologic Outcomes in Bladder Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Cystectomy.

Purpose: Perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) has been inconsistently associated with adverse outcomes. Bladder cancer patients are unique as they frequently undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with resulting immunosuppression, which may be exacerbated by transfusion-related immunomodulation. We examined the effect of leukoreduced PBT on oncologic outcomes and perioperative morbidity in radical cystectomy (RC) patients who received NAC, quantifying exposure with a novel dose-index variable.

A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect on Survival of Time from Diagnosis to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy to Cystectomy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Purpose: We determine the impact of the timing of radical cystectomy from the diagnosis of muscle invasive bladder cancer on survival in patients also treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cystectomy between 1996 and 2014 at a single institution. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the effect of treatment time intervals on overall survival.

Significance of a minor high-grade component in a low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma of bladder.

To assess the clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of the presence of 5% or less high-grade component in otherwise low-grade noninvasive bladder urothelial carcinoma, referred to as mixed-grade (MG) urothelial carcinoma, we reviewed all archival cases with such diagnosis between 2005 and 2014. Clinicopathological and outcome parameters were compared to those in our previously reported low- and high-grade noninvasive bladder urothelial carcinoma cohorts (LGUC and HGUC, respectively). The study included 31 MG urothelial carcinomas.

Multimodal Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Sarcoma: The Johns Hopkins Experience.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with prostate sarcoma treated at our institution and report oncological outcomes.

Materials And Methods: The records of patients with intermediate- or high-grade prostate sarcoma treated with curative intent at our institution from 1993 to 2013 were reviewed. Patient demographic information, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities used were assessed.

Gemcitabine and cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: Predicting response and assessing outcomes.

Purpose: To evaluate gemcitabine-cisplatin (GC) neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) for pathologic response (pR) and cancer-specific outcomes following radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and identify clinical parameters associated with pR.

Materials And Methods: We studied 150 consecutive cases of muscle-invasive bladder cancer that received GC NAC followed by open RC (2000-2013). A cohort of 121 patients treated by RC alone was used for comparison.

Tissue-engineered urinary conduits.

The role of tissue engineering in the cystectomy population rests on the principle of sparing healthy intestinal tissue while replacing diseased bladder. Over the last 25 years advances in cell biology and material science have improved the quality and durability of bladder replacement in animals. The neo-urinary conduit ([NUC]-Tengion) employs autologous fat smooth muscle cells which are seeded onto synthetic, biodegradable scaffolds.

Extent of pelvic lymph node dissection during radical cystectomy: is bigger better?

Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is a standard component of radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. The optimal anatomic PLND template remains undefined. An extended PLND template can potentially improve survival through the eradication of micrometastatic disease and improved pathologic staging.

Hexaminolevulinate blue-light cystoscopy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the clinical evidence and consensus statement on appropriate use in the USA.

Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) is a tumour photosensitizer that is used in combination with blue-light cystoscopy (BLC) as an adjunct to white-light cystoscopy (WLC) in the diagnosis and management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Since being licensed in Europe in 2005, HAL has been used in >200,000 procedures, with consistent evidence that it improves detection compared with WLC alone. Current data support an additional role in the reduction of recurrence of NMIBC.

ARID1A immunohistochemistry improves outcome prediction in invasive urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder.

AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) is tumor suppressor gene that interacts with BRG1 adenosine triphosphatase to form a SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling protein complex. Inactivation of ARID1A has been described in several neoplasms, including epithelial ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, and has been correlated with prognosis. In the current study, ARID1A expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder and its association with clinicopathological parameters and outcome are addressed.