Campylobacter positivity and public health risks in live bird markets in Busia, Kenya: A value chain analysis.

Live bird markets (LBMs) provide integral hubs for 95% of poultry produced for food. Surveillance systems in LBMs serving smallholder farmers in sub-saharan Africa are often non-functional, and data about public health risks and emerging pathogens are lacking. Studies in Kenya have reported 29-44% Campylobacter prevalence in poultry.

Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices towards anthrax in Narok County, Southern Kenya.

Introduction: anthrax is endemic in some parts of Kenya causing mortalities in livestock and morbidity in humans. On January 20, 2018, news media reported suspected anthrax in a remote southern Kenyan village after villagers became ill following consumption of meat from a dead cow that was confirmed, by microscopy, to have died of anthrax. We assessed community knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) to identify intervention gaps for anthrax prevention.

"We are doctors": Drivers of animal health practices among Maasai pastoralists and implications for antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance.

Animal health service providers can play an important role in limiting drug resistance by promoting responsible and prudent use of veterinary drugs. Recognizing this potential, international agencies and governments have called for these providers to receive drug stewardship training, particularly providers in low- and middle-income countries where top-down regulations (e.g.

Impact Evaluation of the Kenya Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Program: Repeated-Measures Study.

Background: In 2014, Kenya's Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP) initiated a 3-month field-based frontline training, Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP-F), for local public health workers.

Objective: This study aimed to measure the effect of FETP-F on participant workplace practices regarding quality and consistency of public health data, critical interaction with public health data, and improvements in on-time reporting (OTR).

Methods: Between February and April 2017, FELTP conducted a mixed methods evaluation via online survey to examine outcomes achieved among all 215 graduates from 2014 and 2015.

Risk factors for serological evidence of MERS-CoV in camels, Kenya, 2016-2017.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging viral disease and dromedary camels are known to be the source of human spill over events. A cross-sectional epidemiological surveillance study was carried out in Kenya in 2017 to, 1) estimate MERS-CoV antibody seropositivity in the camel-dense counties of Turkana, Marsabit, Isiolo, Laikipia and Nakuru to identify, and 2) determine the risk factors associated with seropositivity in camels. Blood samples were collected from a total of 1421 camels selected using a multi-stage sampling method.

A protracted cholera outbreak among residents in an urban setting, Nairobi county, Kenya, 2015.

Introduction: in 2015, a cholera outbreak was confirmed in Nairobi county, Kenya, which we investigated to identify risk factors for infection and recommend control measures.

Methods: we analyzed national cholera surveillance data to describe epidemiological patterns and carried out a case-control study to find reasons for the Nairobi county outbreak. Suspected cholera cases were Nairobi residents aged >2 years with acute watery diarrhea (>4 stools/≤12 hours) and illness onset 1-14 May 2015.

Factors associated with malnutrition in children < 5 years in western Kenya: a hospital-based unmatched case control study.

Background: Globally, under-nutrition accounts for > 3 million deaths annually among children < 5 years, with Kenya having ~ 35,000 deaths. This study aimed to identify factors associated with malnutrition in children aged < 5 years in western Kenya.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based unmatched case-control study between May and June 2017.

Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected disease known to cause significant morbidity among the poor. We investigated a suspected outbreak to determine the magnitude of cases, characterize the cases and identify risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gilgil, a peri-urban settlement in Central Kenya.

Methods: Hospital records for the period 2010-2016 were reviewed and additional cases were identified through active case search.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughter pigs; a neglected public health risk, western Kenya.

Background: Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of public health importance transmitted through contact with contaminated soil, water or urine of infected animals. In pigs the disease is characterized by abortion, still births and weak piglets. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May to July 2018 to estimate the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and factors associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs.

Cholera outbreak during a scientific conference at a Nairobi hotel, Kenya 2017.

Background: Cholera globally affects 1.3-4.0 million people and causes 21 000-143 000 deaths annually.

Prevalence and spatial distribution of Trematode cercariae in Vector Snails within different Agro-Ecological Zones in Western Kenya, 2016.

Introduction: Freshwater vector snails' distribution, infection with cercariae, preferred habitat and possible trematodiases transmission foci is not well known in Western Kenya. We sought to determine the distribution and prevalence of infection of snails per agro-ecological zone and environmental factors in vector snail habitats.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March, 2016 - May, 2016, harvested and identified snails using shell morphology, determined their infection with trematode cercariae using microscopy, used descriptive statistics to estimate the prevalence of infection and relationship between snail abundance and environmental factors.

Factors Affecting Uptake of PMTCT Services, Lodwar County Referral Hospital, Turkana County, Kenya, 2015 to 2016.

Kenya is one of 22 countries globally that account for 90% of all HIV-positive pregnant women. This study aimed to determine factors affecting uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services among HIV-positive pregnant women at Lodwar County Referral Hospital in Turkana County, an arid area in northern Kenya. We conducted a retrospective review of HIV-positive pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) and accessing PMTCT services between January 2015 and December 2016.

Investigation of anthrax in an endemic region in Kenya: a mixed methods approach.

In Kenya, human anthrax cases most often occur linked to animal anthrax. In most cases, human behaviors, especially slaughter and consumption of meat from animal anthrax cases, has been implicated. This case study is based on an anthrax outbreak investigation conducted in an endemic region in Kenya in May 2016.

An outbreak of cholera in western Kenya, 2015: a case control study.

Introduction: in February 2015, an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea was reported in two sub counties in western Kenya. e 01 serotype Ogawa was isolated from 26 cases and from water samples collected from a river mainly used by residents of the two sub-counties for domestic purposes. We carried out an investigation to determine factors associated with the outbreak.

infection in calves and the environment in Asembo, Western Kenya: 2015.

Introduction: species, a zoonotic enteric coccidian parasite, is among the leading causes of diarrhea in children. We evaluated the prevalence of infections in calves, factors associated with calf infection, environmental contamination of manure by and factors that expose humans to zoonotic transmission in Asembo.

Methods: in a cross-sectional study conducted from January to July 2015, we collected fecal specimens from 350 randomly selected calves aged ≤ 6 months old and 187 manure samples from the same farms.

Epidemiology and surveillance of human animal-bite injuries and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, in selected counties in Kenya, 2011-2016.

Background: Human animal-bite injuries are a serious public health problem due to associated risk for rabies virus exposure. Animal-bite injuries especially dog bites are useful indicators for assessing the risk of rabies virus transmission and need for rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Understanding the epidemiology and surveillance of animal bites and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is critical in implementing Kenya's national rabies elimination strategy.

Systems, supplies, and staff: a mixed-methods study of health care workers' experiences and health facility preparedness during a large national cholera outbreak, Kenya 2015.

Background: From December 2014 to September 2016, a cholera outbreak in Kenya, the largest since 2010, caused 16,840 reported cases and 256 deaths. The outbreak affected 30 of Kenya's 47 counties and occurred shortly after the decentralization of many healthcare services to the county level. This mixed-methods study, conducted June-July 2015, assessed cholera preparedness in Homa Bay, Nairobi, and Mombasa counties and explored clinic- and community-based health care workers' (HCW) experiences during outbreak response.

Investigation of laboratory confirmed Dengue outbreak in North-eastern Kenya, 2011.

The first laboratory confirmed dengue outbreak in Kenya was reported in coastal towns of Malindi and Kilifi in 1982. Since then, no other outbreak had been confirmed in Kenya. Dengue outbreak was confirmed among African Mission soldiers in Somalia (AMISOM) between May to October 2011.

Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in an urban population of adults living with HIV in Nairobi, Kenya.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome affects 20-25% of the adult population globally. It predisposes to cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Studies in other countries suggest a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients but no studies have been reported in Kenya.