Cyclic electron flow (CEF) and ascorbate pathway activity provide constitutive photoprotection for the photopsychrophile, Chlamydomonas sp. UWO 241 (renamed Chlamydomonas priscuii).

Under environmental stress, plants and algae employ a variety of strategies to protect the photosynthetic apparatus and maintain photostasis. To date, most studies on stress acclimation have focused on model organisms which possess limited to no tolerance to stressful extremes. We studied the ability of the Antarctic alga Chlamydomonas sp.

The Abundance and Organization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Gallbladder-Mimicking Environments and .

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes chronic infections by establishing biofilms on cholesterol gallstones. The production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) is key to biofilm development, and biofilm architecture depends on which EPSs are made. The presence and spatial distribution of EPSs produced and were investigated in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and .

Biofilms Tolerate Hydrogen Peroxide by a Combination of Extracellular Polymeric Substance Barrier Function and Catalase Enzymes.

The ability of subspecies serovar Typhi ( Typhi) to cause chronic gallbladder infections is dependent on biofilm growth on cholesterol gallstones. Non-typhoidal (e.g.

A dual-therapy approach for the treatment of biofilm-mediated Salmonella gallbladder carriage.

Asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi continues to facilitate the transmission of typhoid fever, resulting in 14 million new infections and 136,000 fatalities each year. Asymptomatic chronic carriage of S. Typhi is facilitated by the formation of biofilms on gallstones that protect the bacteria from environmental insults and immune system clearance.

Extracellular Polymeric Substances Modulate Innate Phagocyte Activity and Enhance Tolerance of Biofilm-Associated Bacteria to Oxidative Stress.

serovar Typhi causes 14.3 million acute cases of typhoid fever that are responsible for 136,000 deaths each year. Chronic infections occur in 3%-5% of those infected and Typhi persists primarily in the gallbladder by forming biofilms on cholesterol gallstones, but how these bacterial communities evade host immunity is not known.

Chronic biofilm-based infections: skewing of the immune response.

Many of the deadliest bacterial diseases that plague humanity in the modern age are caused by bacterial biofilms that produce chronic infections. However, most of our knowledge of the host immune response comes from the study of planktonic pathogens. While there are similarities in the host response to planktonic and biofilm bacteria, specific immune responses toward biofilms have not been well studied; the only apparent difference is the inability to clear the bacteria allowing the biofilm infection to become chronic.