Comparison of different VO2max scaling models in male and female non-obese and obese adults.

Background: The aim of this paper was to identify the most appropriate allometric scaling model for expressing aerobic fitness, determined by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), that would allow comparisons across differing body types.

Methods: VO2max and body composition data were collected from untrained non-obese and obese participants (N.=126).

Comparison and predicted equation of energy expenditure during walking or running among Caucasians, African Americans and Asians.

Knowledge of measured energy expenditure (EE) during walking and running is important for exercise prescription. Further, research on the EE comparison and EE predicted equation during walking or running among different ethnicities is limited. The purpose of the current study was to compare EE to walk or run 1 mile in Caucasian, African American and Asian adults and to develop a regression equation to predict EE to walk or run 1 mile.

Prediction and Cross-validation of an Energy Expenditure Equation in Walking or Running in Asian Adults.

Unlabelled: The prevalence of obesity is increasing across the world. Knowledge of the actual energy expenditure (EE) of walking and running can lead to a more precise exercise prescription which may contribute to obesity reduction or avoidance. Limited research has focused on EE prediction during walking or running in Asian adults.

Influences on Body Size Perceptions Among Black Women in the Mississippi Delta.

Purpose: To identify factors that influence Black women's body size perceptions.

Design: Interviews (cognitive mapping exercise) with 25 women; focus group with 7 additional women.

Setting: Mississippi Delta.

A Randomized Study of Exercise and Fitness Trackers in Obese Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Functional limitations persist in obese patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study assessed the effect of an exercise program (EP) and fitness trackers (FT) in obese patients with TKA. Sixty patients 1 year after orthopedic surgery were recruited and received a 16-week tailored EP; half were randomized to receive an FT.

The Bigger the Hand, the Bigger the Difference? Implications for Testing Strength With 2 Popular Handgrip Dynamometers.

Context: Studies developed the frail elderly handgrip strength (HGS) diagnostic criteria using multiple types of handgrip dynamometers. If different handgrip dynamometers report different values, then this would have the potential to misclassify people into the wrong diagnostic category.

Objective: To examine the characteristics of HGS measured by 2 standard handgrip dynamometers and to investigate the influence of hand size on HGS.

A Prospective Study Comparing Distance-based vs. Time-based Exercise Prescriptions of Walking and Running in Previously Sedentary Overweight Adults.

Prior work has reported that the declines observed in body mass index (BMI) and circumference measurements in their cross-sectional data were twice as large when calculated from distance energy expenditure estimations compared to energy expenditure estimations based on time and intensity. The primary purpose of this study was to compare walking/running for distance to walking/running for time as part of an exercise intervention. This study followed a between-subjects, repeated measures design.

Physical Function and Physical Activity in Obese Adults After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Obese patients are more likely to have osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This investigation sought to evaluate physical function, activity level, and quality of life (QOL). Obese participants near 1-year postsurgical follow-up appointment were recruited.

Expression of VO2peak in Children and Youth, with Special Reference to Allometric Scaling.

The aim of this review was to highlight research that has focused on examining expressions of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in children and youth, with special reference to allometric scaling. VO2peak is considered the highest VO2 during an increasing workload treadmill or bicycle ergometer test until volitional termination. We have reviewed scholarly works identified from PubMed, One Search, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar that examined VO2peak in absolute units (L·min(-1)), relative units [body mass, fat-free mass (FFM)], and allometric expressions [mass, height, lean body mass (LBM) or LBM of the legs raised to a power function] through July 2015.

Validity of ultrasound prediction equations for total and regional muscularity in middle-aged and older men and women.

To test the validity of published equations, 79 Caucasian adults (40 men and 39 women) aged 50-78 y had muscle thickness (MT) measured by ultrasound at nine sites of the body. Fat-free mass (FFM), lean soft tissue mass (LM) and total muscle mass (TMM) were estimated from MT using equations previously published in the literature. Appendicular LM (aLM) was estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and this method served as the reference criterion.

Morphological and functional relationships with ultrasound measured muscle thickness of the upper extremity and trunk.

Unless a subject's muscle is relatively small, a single image from a standard ultrasound can only measure muscle thickness (MT). Thus, it is important to know whether MT is related to morphological and functional characteristics of individual muscles of the extremity and trunk. In this review, we summarize previously published articles in the upper extremity and trunk demonstrating the relationships between ultrasound-measured MT and muscle morphology (cross-sectional area, CSA and muscle volume, MV) and muscular or respiratory function.

Improving physical activity in daycare interventions.

Background: The aim of the study was to objectively determine whether the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) program improved physical activity levels during the school day.

Methods: The study compared the physical activity levels of subjects from 26 daycare centers, randomized into treatment (N=13) and control (N=13) groups. The subjects were 3 to 5 year olds (N=209, 104 males and 105 females; age [years]=3.

Skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral density, and walking performance in masters cyclists.

Exercise mode and intensity/duration are important factors for influencing muscle morphology and function as well as bone. However, it is unknown whether masters cyclists who undergo regular moderate- to high-intensity exercise maintain lower-body skeletal muscle mass (SM) and function and bone health when compared with young adults. The purpose of this study was to compare SM, areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and gait performance between masters cyclists and young adults.

Time course for arm and chest muscle thickness changes following bench press training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of hypertrophic adaptations in both the upper arm and trunk muscles following high-intensity bench press training. Seven previously untrained young men (aged 25 ± 3 years) performed free-weight bench press training 3 days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) per week for 24 weeks. Training intensity and volume were set at 75% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) and 30 repetitions (3 sets of 10 repetitions, with 2-3 min of rest between sets), respectively.

Measured versus self-reported physical function in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

Purpose: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) experience late effects that interfere with physical function. Limitations in physical function can affect CCS abilities to actively participate in daily activities. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the concordance between self-reported physical performance and clinically evaluated physical performance among adult CCS.

Association between site-specific muscle loss of lower body and one-leg standing balance in active women: the HIREGASAKI study.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that static balance is associated with site-specific loss of muscle mass in older adults.

Methods: A total of 57 active women aged 52-83 years had their muscle thickness (MTH) measured by ultrasound at four sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of their upper- and lower-leg. MTH ratios were calculated to assess the site-specific muscle loss.

Prevalence of site-specific thigh sarcopenia in Japanese men and women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of severe sarcopenia detected by total skeletal muscle mass (SM) index and of site-specific thigh sarcopenia for differing age groups in men and women. Japanese nonobese men and women aged 20 to 85 (n = 1,994, 55 % women) had muscle thickness (MTH) measured by ultrasound at six sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of the body. SM was estimated from ultrasound-derived prediction equations.

Lower body site-specific sarcopenia and accelerometer-determined moderate and vigorous physical activity: the HIREGASAKI study.

Background And Aims: It is unknown if the site-specific muscle loss of ageing muscle is associated with accelerometer-determined daily step count and/or intensity of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between accelerometer- determined physical activity and lower body muscle size in women.

Methods: Forty-eight women aged 52 to 76 years had their muscle thickness (MTH) measured by B-mode ultrasound at seven sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of their upper- and lower-leg.

Influence of severe sarcopenia on cardiovascular risk factors in nonobese men.

Background: It is unknown whether severe sarcopenia produces unfavorable effects on cardiovascular risk factors. To examine the influence of severe and moderate sarcopenia on selected cardiovascular risk factors, 687 men were screened; those exhibiting clinically relevant diseases and higher body fat percentage (>25% fat) were excluded. A total of 410 men aged 40-76 years (mean age 56.

Relationship between site-specific loss of thigh muscle and gait performance in women: the HIREGASAKI study.

Sarcopenia is observed as a site-specific loss of skeletal muscle mass, however, it is unknown whether the site-specific sarcopenia is associated with development of physical disability. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age-related thigh muscle loss and gait performance. Fifty-three women aged 52-83 years had their thigh muscle thickness (MTH) measured by ultrasound at five sites on the anterior (30%, 50%, and 70% of thigh length) and posterior (50% and 70% of thigh length) aspects of their thigh.

Increased plasma levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sFlt-1) in women by moderate exercise and increased plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in overweight/obese women.

The incidence of breast cancer is increasing worldwide, and this seems to be related to an increase in lifestyle risk factors, including physical inactivity and overweight/obesity. We have reported previously that exercise induced a circulating angiostatic phenotype characterized by increased soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and endostatin and decreased unbound vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in men. However, there are no data on women.

Changes in physical activity and fitness after 3 months of home Wii Fit™ use.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in physical activity and fitness variables in members of 8 volunteer families after 3 months of home use of the Wii Fit™ interactive video game. Pre and postintervention measurements were obtained from 21 subjects relative to physical activity (5 days of accelerometry), aerobic fitness (graded treadmill test), muscular fitness (push-ups), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), balance (composite equilibrium score), and body composition (body mass index and % body fat). Use characteristics of the Wii Fit™ device were also determined.

Comparison of energy expenditure to walk or run a mile in adult normal weight and overweight men and women.

We compared the energy expenditure to walk or run a mile in adult normal weight walkers (NWW), overweight walkers (OW), and marathon runners (MR). The sample consisted of 19 NWW, 11 OW, and 20 MR adults. Energy expenditure was measured at preferred walking speed (NWW and OW) and running speed of a recently completed marathon.

Gender comparison of physiologic and perceptual responses in recreational marathon runners.

Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to compare gender differences in physiologic and perceptual responses during a 1-h run at recent marathon pace and running economy at three speeds in recreational marathon runners.

Methods: In a counterbalanced design, 10 men and 10 women completed a 1-h treadmill run and a running economy test. Treadmill speed for the 1-h run ranged from 141 to 241 mmin(-1) and 134, 168, and 188 m x min(-1) for running economy.