Publications by authors named "Mark K Weng"

Objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common bloodborne infection in the United States. We assessed trends in HCV testing, infection, and surveillance cases among US adults.

Methods: We used Quest Diagnostics data from 2013-2021 to assess trends in the numbers tested for HCV antibody and proportion of positivity for HCV antibody and HCV RNA.

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Background: Widespread outbreaks of person-to-person transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV), particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID), continue across the United States and globally. However, the herd immunity threshold and vaccination coverage required to prevent outbreaks are unknown. We used surveillance data and dynamic modeling to estimate herd immunity thresholds among PWID in 16 US states.

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Objectives: The incidence of hepatitis A declined in the United States following the introduction of hepatitis A vaccines, before increasing in the setting of recent widespread outbreaks associated with person-to-person transmission. We describe the hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States, identify susceptible populations over time, and demonstrate the need for improved hepatitis A vaccination coverage, especially among adults at increased risk for hepatitis A.

Methods: We calculated the hepatitis A incidence rates for sociodemographic characteristics and percentages for risk factors and clinical outcomes for hepatitis A cases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System during 1990-2020.

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Adults at increased risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are recommended to receive vaccination. We conducted a cost utility analysis to evaluate approaches for implementing that recommendation in selected high-risk settings: community outreach events with a large proportion of immigrants, syringe service programs, substance use treatment centres, sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, tuberculosis (TB) clinics and jails. We utilized a decision tree framework with a Markov disease progression model to compare quality adjusted life-years and cost in 2021 United States dollars from four strategies: a 3-dose vaccination regimen with prevaccination screening and testing (PVST; baseline comparison); PVST at the initial encounter followed by a 2-dose series (Intervention 1); PVST with the first dose of a 2-dose vaccination series at the initial encounter (Intervention 2); and a 2-dose vaccination series without PVST (Intervention 3).

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Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable disease typically acquired through fecal-oral transmission. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection rates in the United States declined approximately 97% during 1995-2015 after the introduction and widespread pediatric use of hepatitis A vaccines (1). Since 2016, hepatitis A outbreaks have been reported in 37 states, involving approximately 44,650 cases, 27,250 hospitalizations, and 415 deaths as of September 23, 2022 (2).

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Background: Vaccine-hesitant persons who inject drugs are at increased risk for several vaccine-preventable diseases. However, vaccination rates among this population remain low. While syringe services programs (SSPs) are places where persons who inject drugs feel comfortable accessing services, few offer vaccination services.

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Article Synopsis
  • People who use drugs are at a higher risk of contracting hepatitis A, which has seen outbreaks in the U.S. since 2016, prompting recommendations for vaccination.
  • A study analyzed data from 812 hepatitis A patients in Kentucky, Michigan, and West Virginia between 2016-2019, revealing high rates of drug use among these patients, with methamphetamine being most common in Kentucky and West Virginia, while opioids were predominant in Michigan.
  • The findings indicated that drug users among hepatitis A patients were more likely to be younger, homeless, or recently incarcerated, highlighting the need for better vaccination efforts to prevent future outbreaks.
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Background: Syringe services programs (SSPs) are an important venue for reaching people who inject drugs (PWID) to offer preventive services; however, not all SSPs offer vaccinations. We aimed to describe barriers and opportunities for SSPs to offer vaccinations.

Methods: During June-August 2021, we conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of SSP providers in the United States.

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Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccines have demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy during the past 4 decades (1,2). However, vaccination coverage among adults has been suboptimal, limiting further reduction in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in the United States. This Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation expands the indicated age range for universal HepB vaccination to now include adults aged 19-59 years.

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Background And Aims: The duration of protection from hepatitis B vaccination in children and adults is not known. In 1981, we used three doses of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine to immunize a cohort of 1578 Alaska Native adults and children from 15 Alaska communities who were ≥6 months old.

Approach And Results: We tested persons for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) levels 35 years after receiving the primary series.

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Background: Although effective against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination is only recommended for infants, children, and adults at higher risk. We conducted an economic evaluation of universal HepB vaccination among US adults.

Methods: Using a decision analytic model with Markov disease progression, we compared current vaccination recommendations (baseline) with either 3-dose or 2-dose universal HepB vaccination (intervention strategies).

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Background: Between September 2017 and June 2019, an outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, resulting in 501 cases and 6 deaths, predominantly among persons who experience homelessness or who use drugs (PEH/PWUD). The critical vaccination threshold (V) required to achieve herd immunity in this population is unknown. We investigated V and vaccination impact using epidemic modeling.

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Background: Safe and effective hepatitis A vaccines have been recommended in the United States for at-risk adults since 1996; however, adult vaccination coverage is low.

Methods: Among a random sample of adult outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases from three states that were heavily affected by person-to-person hepatitis A outbreaks, we assessed the presence of documented Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) indications for hepatitis A vaccination, hepatitis A vaccination status, and whether cases that were epidemiologically linked to an outbreak-associated hepatitis A case had received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).

Results: Overall, 74.

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Article Synopsis
  • A study in a Georgia public school district analyzed how SARS-CoV-2 spreads among students and staff to help develop prevention strategies.
  • During the study from December 2020 to January 2021, investigators identified 86 infected individuals and assessed over 1,100 of their close contacts, finding an 8.7% positivity rate among tested contacts.
  • The findings revealed that indoor sports activities were the highest risk settings for transmission, underscoring the importance of staff vaccinations and proactive testing to mitigate spread, especially as many infected individuals showed no symptoms.
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Objectives: To assess trends and programmatic outcomes among infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women from 2009 to 2017 and case-managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's national Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (PHBPP).

Methods: We analyzed 2009-2017 annual programmatic reports submitted by 56 US jurisdictions funded through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's PHBPP to assess characteristics of maternal-infant pairs and achievement of objectives of infant hepatitis B postexposure prophylaxis, vaccine series completion, and postvaccination serologic testing (PVST). We compared the number of maternal-infant pairs identified by the program with the number estimated born to HBsAg-positive women from 2009 to 2014 and 2015 to 2017 by using a race and/or ethnicity and maternal country of birth methodology, respectively.

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Background And Aims: During 2016-2020, the United States experienced person-to-person hepatitis A outbreaks that are unprecedented in the vaccine era, during which case-fatality ratios reported by some jurisdictions exceeded those historically associated with hepatitis A.

Approach And Results: To identify factors associated with hepatitis A-related mortality, we performed a matched case-control study (matched on age [±5 years] and county of residence in a 1:4 ratio) using data collected from health department and hospital medical records of outbreak-associated patients in Kentucky, Michigan, and West Virginia. Controls were hepatitis A outbreak-associated patients who did not die.

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Background: Since 2016, the United States has experienced person-to-person hepatitis A outbreaks unprecedented in the vaccine era. The proportion of cases hospitalized in these outbreaks exceeds historical national surveillance data.

Methods: We described the epidemiology, characterized the reported increased morbidity, and identified factors associated with hospitalization during the outbreaks by reviewing a 10% random sample of outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases in Kentucky, Michigan, and West Virginia-3 heavily affected states.

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Background: In response to reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) in other US cities, we conducted multiple, proactive, facility-wide testing events for PEH living sheltered and unsheltered and homelessness service staff in Atlanta, Georgia. We describe the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence and associated symptoms, and review shelter infection prevention and control (IPC) policies.

Methods: PEH and staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during 7 April-6 May 2020.

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HEPATITIS A IS A VACCINE-PREVENTABLE, COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV). THE INFECTION IS TRANSMITTED VIA THE FECAL-ORAL ROUTE, USUALLY FROM DIRECT PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT OR CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER. HEPATITIS A IS AN ACUTE, SELF-LIMITED DISEASE THAT DOES NOT RESULT IN CHRONIC INFECTION.

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A Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak was investigated in a neonatal intensive care unit that had experienced a prior similar outbreak. The 8 cases identified included 2 deaths. An investigation found the cause of the outbreak: tap water from contaminated hospital plumbing which was used for humidifier reservoirs, neonatal bathing, and nutritional preparation.

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