Middle turbinate suture conchopexy during endoscopic sinus surgery does not impair olfaction.

Background: One of the primary goals of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is to create widely patent paranasal sinus ostia, and lateralization of a middle turbinate (MT) after ESS can obstruct otherwise patent ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. Numerous methods have been used to assist in the avoidance of this complication including the use of packing in the ethmoid sinus as a "spacer," controlled creation of synechia between the MT and septum, and suture medialization of the MT to the septum. The latter is an effective technique, but because the olfactory groove lies superior in the groove between the MT and septum, concerns have been raised as to the effect of this maneuver on olfaction.

Beta-adrenergic enhancement of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak in cardiac myocytes is mediated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.

Enhanced cardiac diastolic Ca leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor may reduce SR Ca content and contribute to arrhythmogenesis. We tested whether beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) agonists increased SR Ca leak in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes and whether this depends on protein kinase A or Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity. SR Ca leak was assessed by acute block of the ryanodine receptor by tetracaine and assessment of the consequent shift of Ca from cytosol to SR (measured at various SR Ca loads induced by varying frequency).