Establishing Standards on Colors from Natural Sources.

Color additives are applied to many food, drug, and cosmetic products. With up to 85% of consumer buying decisions potentially influenced by color, appropriate application of color additives and their safety is critical. Color additives are defined by the U.

Photo- and thermodegradation of anthocyanins from grape and purple sweet potato in model beverage systems.

Recently, interest in the application of natural pigments to replace synthetic dyes in beverages has grown. The present study investigates the stability of anthocyanin-rich grape and purple sweet potato (PSP) extracts to photo- and thermostresses in ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage models including hot fill beverages with various concentrations of ascorbic acid, a preserved beverage, and a vitamin-enriched water beverage. Thermo- and photostresses were induced at 40, 60, and 80 °C and 250, 500, and 750 W/m(2), respectively.

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is involved in mechanical strain inhibition of RANKL expression in bone stromal cells.

Mechanical input is known to regulate skeletal mass. In vitro, application of strain inhibits osteoclast formation by decreasing expression of the ligand RANKL in bone stromal cells, but the mechanism responsible for this down-regulation is unknown. In experiments here, application of 1.