Radiofrequency-induced Thermo-chemotherapy Effect Versus a Second Course of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin or Institutional Standard in Patients with Recurrence of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Following Induction or Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy (HYMN): A Phase III, Open-label, Randomised Controlled Trial.

Background: There is no effective intravesical second-line therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) when bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) fails.

Objective: To compare disease-free survival time (DFS) between radiofrequency-induced thermo-chemotherapy effect (RITE) and institutional standard second-line therapy (control) in NMIBC patients with recurrence following induction/maintenance BCG.

Design, Settings, And Participants: Open-label, phase III randomised controlled trial accrued across 14 centres between May 2010 and July 2013 (HYMN [ClinicalTrials.

Management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A comprehensive analysis of guidelines from the United States, Europe and Asia.

Bladder cancer is the 8th most common cancer with 74,000 new cases in the United States in 2015. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for 75% of all bladder cancer cases. Transurethral resection and intravesical treatments remain the main treatment modality.

Evolution of testosterone treatment over 25 years: symptom responses, endocrine profiles and cardiovascular changes.

Introduction: Testosterone treatment has evolved rapidly over the past 25 years as new, more effective and convenient methods have become available. This study reports experience with seven different methods, introduced on the market in the UK.

Aim: To establish the symptom response when testosterone treatment was initiated on the basis of clinical features and symptoms of androgen deficiency, and the resulting endocrine, biochemical and physiological responses.

Quantitative analysis of BTF3, HINT1, NDRG1 and ODC1 protein over-expression in human prostate cancer tissue.

Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men with few, quantifiable, biomarkers. Prostate cancer biomarker discovery has been hampered due to subjective analysis of protein expression in tissue sections. An unbiased, quantitative immunohistochemical approach provided here, for the diagnosis and stratification of prostate cancer could overcome this problem.

Is testosterone treatment good for the prostate? Study of safety during long-term treatment.

Introduction: For men with androgen deficiency on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), clinical concern relates to the development of prostate cancer (PCa).

Aim: An updated audit of prostate safety from the UK Androgen Study was carried out to analyze the incidence of PCa during long-term TRT.

Main Outcome Measures: Diagnosis of PCa in men receiving TRT, by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination (DRE), and its relation to different testosterone preparations.

International web survey shows high prevalence of symptomatic testosterone deficiency in men.

Introduction: Though the clinical significance of testosterone deficiency is becoming increasingly apparent, its prevalence in the general population remains unrecognised. A large web-based survey was undertaken over 3 years to study the scale of this missed diagnosis.

Methods: An online questionnaire giving the symptoms characterising testosterone deficiency syndrome (Aging Male Symptoms-AMS-scale) was set up on three web sites, together with questions about possible contributory factors.

History of prostate cancer treatment.

The last two decades have seen great advancements in our understanding of the prostate anatomy and approach including laparoscopic and robotic techniques. One should not however, forget that the techniques evolved with time. The history of developments in prostate cancer surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy is fascinating and urologists through the ages had the quest to find an ideal treatment for prostate cancer in spite of their limitations of resources and understanding.

The clinical significance and therapeutic implications of extraprostatic invasion.

Invasion of the prostatic margin by cancer establishes a higher risk of disease progression and treatment failure depending upon its extent and other clinical factors. Pathological stage is the most important single prognostic indicator, but determined reliably only in patients having radical prostatectomy. Tumour beyond the prostatic margin or its invasion into the seminal vesicle defines the local stage category as T3, and when confirmed by pathological examination the extent of prostatic margin involvement has prognostic significance.

Prostate cancer: diagnosis and staging.

Prostate cancer represents an increasing health burden. The past 20 years, with the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), has seen prostate cancer move increasingly from a condition that presented with locally advanced disease or metastases to one that is found upon screening. More is also known about the pathology of pre-malignant lesions.

Utility of tissue microarrays for profiling prognostic biomarkers in clinically localized prostate cancer: the expression of BCL-2, E-cadherin, Ki-67 and p53 as predictors of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy with nested control for clinical and pathological risk factors.

A cure cannot be assured for all men with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing radical treatment. Molecular markers would be invaluable if they could improve the prediction of occult metastatic disease. This study was carried out to investigate the expression of BCL-2, Ki-67, p53 and E-cadherin in radical prostatectomy specimens.

Electromotive drug administration with mitomycin C for intravesical treatment of non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma.

This article reviews the use and application of electromotive drug administration for the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer. Strong evidence supports the use of passive intravesical chemotherapy in the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. More recently, two published randomised trials have shown therapeutic advantage with protocols that use electromotive drug administration to enhance urothelial penetration of intravesical mitomycin C.

Allelic imbalance at 13q14.2 approximately q14.3 in localized prostate cancer is associated with early biochemical relapse.

Allelic imbalance (AI), particularly at chromosomes 8p, 10q, and 13q, is the most frequently observed genetic change in sporadic prostate cancer. AI at these sites may inactivate tumor suppressor genes that regulate normal cell growth. To establish the relationship between AI and progression, we analyzed loci on 8p, 10q, and 13q14 in archival prostate tumors matched for Gleason grade, pre-operative prostate-specific antigen levels, and pathologic stage, and they were paired on the basis of relapse status after 3 years.

Plexin-B1 mutations in prostate cancer.

Semaphorins are a large class of secreted or membrane-associated proteins that act as chemotactic cues for cell movement via their transmembrane receptors, plexins. We hypothesized that the function of the semaphorin signaling pathway in the control of cell migration could be harnessed by cancer cells during invasion and metastasis. We now report 13 somatic missense mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of the Plexin-B1 gene.

Prostate-specific antigen testing in hypogonadism: implications for the safety of testosterone-replacement therapy.

Hypogonadal men have lower prostate volumes and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels than age-matched controls. When present, prostate cancer in hypogonadal men is more aggressive than in eugonadal men, and given the lack of specificity of PSA for diagnosing prostate cancer, a more accurate test would be desirable in hypogonadal men. Once testosterone-replacement therapy is started in hypogonadal men, PSA levels should be measured regularly; however, there is often an initial rise 3-6 months after starting treatment.

The vascular response to photodynamic therapy with ATX-S10Na(II) in the normal rat colon.

The mechanism of tissue damage from photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be cellular, vascular or both, depending on the photosensitising agent and the treatment conditions. Well established photosensitisers like porfimer sodium have an optimum drug light interval of two days and may cause skin photosensitivity lasting several weeks. ATX-S10Na(II) is a new photosensitiser that remains largely in the vasculature after systemic administration and clears from the body within a few hours.

Comparison of the zones of the human prostate with the seminal vesicle: morphology, immunohistochemistry, and cell kinetics.

Background: The prostate contains three glandular zones (central, peripheral, transition) with widely differing susceptibilities to cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Most of the prostate is derived from urogenital sinus, but the central zone may be derived from Wolffian duct, in common with the seminal vesicles (SV). The peripheral zone is the most frequent site of cancer and the transition zone is the almost exclusive site of BPH.

Phased-array MRI of canine prostate using endorectal and endourethral coils.

A four-channel phased array consisting of one surface coil, two endorectal coils, and one flexible endourethral loop coil was designed for MRI of the canine prostate. The endorectal coils provide high signal in the posterior region of the prostate, while the endourethral and surface coils are sensitive to the central and anterior regions of the prostate. Gel phantom experiments indicate that the proposed phased-array configuration generates 15 times more signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than a combination of two surface coils and one endorectal coil within the posterior region of the prostate; the performance of the two configurations is comparable near the anterior prostate surface.