Characterizing Repellencies of Methyl Benzoate and Its Analogs against the Common Bed Bug, .

Bed bug infestations are on the rise globally, and remediation efforts are becoming more expensive and difficult to achieve due to rising insecticide resistance in the pest populations. This study evaluates behavior in the presence of attractive elements-aggregation pheromone or food source (human blood)-and the reported botanical repellent methyl benzoate (MB), several MB analogs, as well as the well-known insect repellent, ,-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). Utilizing EthoVision, a video tracking system, we now report that MB and several of its analogs exhibit strong spatial repellency against with methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (M2MOB) and methyl 3-methoxybenzoate (M3MOB) exhibiting the strongest repellent effects.

Toxicity of Methyl Benzoate and Analogs to Adult Aedes aegypti.

Methyl benzoate is a natural product (floral volatile organic compound) that is currently used as a food flavoring ingredient. This compound has shown to be insecticidal in laboratory studies against agricultural and urban pests, including spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, brown marmorated stink bug Hyalomorpha halys, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and the common bed bug Cimex lectularius, to name several insect taxa. In this study we topically treated adult Aedes aegypti females with methyl benzoate and analogs and determined their toxicities.

Fumigation Activities of Methyl Benzoate and Its Derivatives Against the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).

Common bed bug Cimex lectularius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestations are on the rise and due to the development of pesticide resistance they are becoming more difficult to control, affordably. We evaluated a naturally occurring compound methyl benzoate (MB) and related analogs, previously reported to have insecticidal activity on several agricultural pests, for its fumigant action on the common bed bug, C.

Eucalyptol Detected by Aeration from the Eggs of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).

To determine whether volatiles from bed bug eggs were similar to the defensive secretions from nymphs and adults, headspace volatiles from eggs of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) were collected by aeration, daily until hatch, and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We now report that eucalyptol (1,8-epoxy-p-menthane) was identified from all egg samples.

Exposure of Bed Bugs to Metarhizium anisopliae at Different Humidities.

Bed bugs Cimex lectularius L. were exposed to conidia (spores) of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae by feeding, aerosol spray, or contact with a treated surface. Feeding experiments demonstrated that bed bugs were innately susceptible to this fungus.

No sex-related differences in mortality in bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) exposed to deltamethrin, and surviving bed bugs can recover.

Exposure of a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to varying concentrations of deltamethrin for 24 h indicated no significant difference in mortality between males, females, and nymphs at 24 nor at 168 h postexposure when bed bugs were removed to untreated surfaces at 24 h. In addition, many bed bugs classified as morbid or moribund at 24 h and removed to untreated surfaces at this time, recovered by 336 h (2 wk) and were capable of feeding when given the opportunity.

Bed bug detection: current technologies and future directions.

Technologies to detect bed bugs have not kept pace with their global resurgence. Early detection is critical to prevent infestations from spreading. Detection based exclusively on bites is inadequate, because reactions to insect bites are non-specific and often misdiagnosed.

Bullous reactions to bedbug bites reflect cutaneous vasculitis.

Background: There has been a worldwide resurgence of bedbug infestations. Bites by these insects may cause mild or severe cutaneous reactions, and anaphylaxis has been reported. Little is known about the most severe cutaneous reactions, termed bullous or complex reactions.

Mosquito biting behavior: statistical power and sources of variation in toxicity and repellent bioassays.

Compounds thought to be effective against mosquitoes as either 'insecticides' or 'repellents' have recently been shown to contain properties of both, or possess other behavior-modifying actions. Prompted in part by these reports, we conducted posterior analyses of our data to examine some interrelated statistical issues inherent in our bioassay system. Using a modified K&D module, the responses of over 25,000 adult Aedes aegypti (L.

4-oxo-aldehydes from the dorsal abdominal glands of the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).

Analyses of the dorsal abdominal glands of fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs of the bed bud, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), indicated the predominant constituents were (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal, with lesser amounts of 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal. The latter two compounds have not been reported previously as occurring in bed bugs.

Determination and confirmation of nitrofuran residues in honey using LC-MS/MS.

A method was developed for the determination and confirmation of furazolidone, nitrofurazone, furaltadone, and nitrofurantoin as their side-chain residues in honey using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An initial solid-phase extraction cleanup of the honey samples was followed by overnight hydrolysis and derivatization of the nitrofuran side-chain residues with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. After pH adjustment and liquid-liquid extraction, the extracts were assayed by LC-MS/MS using electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode.

Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses in the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

The most crucial stage in the dynamics of virus infections is the mode of virus transmission. In general, transmission of viruses can occur through two pathways: horizontal and vertical transmission. In horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring.

Detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee Apis mellifera L.

Individual honey bee Apis mellifera L. queens were examined for the presence of six honey bee viruses including acute bee paralysis virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus, and sacbrood virus. All viruses, except ABPV, were detected in the samples.

Multiple virus infections in the honey bee and genome divergence of honey bee viruses.

Using uniplex RT-PCR we screened honey bee colonies for the presence of several bee viruses, including black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood virus (SBV), and described the detection of mixed virus infections in bees from these colonies. We report for the first time that individual bees can harbor four viruses simultaneously. We also developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of multiple bee viruses.