Residency Selection in Otolaryngology: Past, Present, & Future.

Objectives: To examine the otolaryngology residency selection process, including past experiences based on the medical literature and survey analysis of our present practices to generate recommendations for future selection system design.

Methods: A mixed-methods study, including a scoping review and a cross-sectional survey, was completed. Four databases were assessed for articles on otolaryngology residency selection published from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2020.

Defining the Performance of Clinician's Ability to Screen for Laryngeal Mass From Voice.

Objective: Defining a clinician's ability to perceptually identify mass from voice will inform the feasibility, design priorities, and performance standards for tools developed to screen for laryngeal mass from voice. This study defined clinician ability of and examined the impact of expertise on screening for laryngeal mass from voice.

Study Design: Task comparison study between experts and nonexperts rating voices for the probability of a laryngeal mass.

Intersectionality of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Otolaryngology Match From 2013 to 2019.

Objectives: Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in the otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) match have been described individually, but not intersectionally. Intersectionality recognizes how multiple forms of discrimination (e.g.

Implementing a "Distance Traveled" Question to Improve Resident Diversity: Process and Feasibility.

Increasing diversity in the physician workforce is important to improving racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes in the United States. We describe the implementation of a "distance traveled" question (DTQ) in our residency application process. For the 2021-2022 cycle, all applicants to the University of Washington otolaryngology residency program were allowed to complete an optional DTQ.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Resident Selection in 11 Specialties, 2013-2018.

This study compares the racial and ethnic representation of applicants and matched residents from competitive US medical and surgical specialty programs between 2013 and 2018.

Evidence of Specialty-Specific Gender Disparities in Resident Recruitment and Selection.

Background: Specialty-specific gender disparities are multifactorial, yet one area that is lacking from this discussion is the impact of recruitment and selection.

Objective: Customized data reports were utilized to compare trends in the gender representation of applicants and residents within 11 surgical and medical specialties between 2013 and 2018.

Methods: Applicant data was obtained from the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) and resident data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).

Computer-Aided Rhinoplasty Using a Novel "navigated" Nasal Osteotomy Technique: A Pilot Study.

Objective: To describe the surgical technique of navigation-guided nasal osteotomies and assess feasibility of this technique for treating complex nasal bone deformities in reconstructive rhinoplasty.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in order to identify patients who underwent computer-aided rhinoplasty from August 2014 to February 2017. Inclusion criteria were nasal bone deformities on computed-tomography (CT) that correlated with specific nasal complaints.

A Novel Curriculum for Medical Student Training in LGBTQ Healthcare: A Regional Pathway Experience.

Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals face considerable health disparities, often due to a lack of LGBTQ-competent care. Such disparities and lack of access to informed care are even more staggering in rural settings. As the state medical school for the Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho (WWAMI) region, the University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSOM) is in a unique position to train future physicians to provide healthcare that meets the needs of LGBTQ patients both regionally and nationally.

Does Attending Surgeon Presence at the Preinduction Briefing Improve Operating Room Efficiency?

Objective: To examine if attending surgeon presence at the preinduction briefing is associated with a shorter time to incision.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study and survey.

Setting: Tertiary academic medical center.

Variation in the representation of human anatomy within digital resources: Implications for data integration.

Clinical informatics makes use of anatomical representation-particularly in the form of anatomical terms. But differences and ambiguities in naming anatomical structures and partitioning the body can complicate efforts to interlink anatomical resources and integrate clinical data. To better understand differences in representations of human anatomy, we compare five digital resources: a formal ontology, a terminology, and three 3D graphics applications.

A Computer Simulation Model to Analyze the Application Process for Competitive Residency Programs.

Background: The residency match process for competitive specialties hinders programs' ability to holistically review applications.

Objective: A computer simulation model of the residency application process was created to test the hypotheses that (1) it is advantageous to medical students to apply to the maximum number of programs under the current system, and (2) including a medical student's residency program preferences at the beginning of the application process improves the efficiency of the system for applicants and programs as quantified by the number of interview invitations received.

Methods: The study was conducted in 2016 using 2014 Otolaryngology Match data.

Trends in female leadership at high-profile otolaryngology journals, 1997-2017.

Objectives: To determine the proportion and relative advancement of women in leadership positions at high-impact otolaryngology journals.

Methods: Nine clinical otolaryngology journals were selected based on high impact factor and subspecialty representation (journal impact factor, 2016: 1.16-2.

A Bayesian Network Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incorporating Gene Expression Profiles.

Radiation therapy allows precision targeting of certain groups of lymph nodes and is a treatment for metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In current practice, there is approximately 15% probability that physicians inadvertently treat healthy tissue or leave the cancerous lymph nodes untreated. The aim of this work is to improve the accuracy of medical decision-making by extending existing predictive models to capture the probabilities of finding cancerous lymph nodes at each of the six image-based surgical neck level using a patient's genetic profile, primary tumor site and tumor size.

Anatomical Region Segmentation for Objective Surgical Skill Assessment with Operating Room Motion Data.

 Most existing objective surgical motion analysis schemes are limited to structured surgical tasks or recognition of motion patterns for certain categories of surgeries. Analyzing instrument motion data with respect to anatomical structures can break the limit, and an anatomical region segmentation algorithm is required for the analysis.  An atlas was generated by manually segmenting the skull base into nine regions, including left/right anterior/posterior ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinus, left and right maxillary sinuses, nasal airway, and sphenoid sinus.

Development of a Novel Markov Chain Model for the Prediction of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Dissemination.

Prediction of microscopic tumor spread to regional lymph nodes can assist in radiation planning for cancer treatment. However, it is still challenging to predict tumor spread. In this paper, we present a unique approach to modeling how tumor cells disseminate to form regional metastases.

Evaluation of a Minimally Disruptive Treatment Protocol for Frontal Sinus Fractures.

Importance: Despite common goals of frontal sinus fracture treatment (restoring forehead contour and creating a safe sinus), there remains significant variability in evaluation and treatment.

Objective: To describe our experience with a minimally disruptive treatment protocol for the treatment of frontal sinus fractures.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Analysis of prospectively collected data from 2010 through 2015 at a level 1 trauma center.

Endothelial and circulating C19MC microRNAs are biomarkers of infantile hemangioma.

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor of infancy, and it uniquely regresses in response to oral propranolol. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of vascular development and are dysregulated in many disease processes, but the role of miRNAs in IH growth has not been investigated. We report expression of C19MC, a primate-specific megacluster of miRNAs expressed in placenta with rare expression in postnatal tissues, in glucose transporter 1-expressing (GLUT-1-expressing) IH endothelial cells and in the plasma of children with IH.

Biological Model Development as an Opportunity to Provide Content Auditing for the Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology.

Constructing a biological model using an established ontology provides a unique opportunity to perform content auditing on the ontology. We built a Markov chain model to study tumor metastasis in the regional lymphatics of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The model attempts to determine regions with high likelihood for metastasis, which guides surgeons and radiation oncologists in selecting the boundaries of treatment.

The lytic activation of KSHV during keratinocyte differentiation is dependent upon a suprabasal position, the loss of integrin engagement, and calcium, but not the interaction of cadherins.

We previously found that KSHV (HHV-8) lytic activation occurs during differentiation of oral keratinocytes in organotypic raft cultures. To further investigate the spatial and temporal aspects of KSHV lytic activation and the roles of integrins, cadherins, and calcium, we used rKSHV.219-infected primary oral keratinocytes in submerged, suspension, and direct suprabasal plating, models of differentiation.

Angiogenic heterogeneity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: biological and therapeutic implications.

The literature contains numerous references describing heterogeneity for tumor phenotypes including cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastatic potential, and response to therapies. However, data regarding angiogenic heterogeneity are limited. In this study, we investigated the degree of intertumoral angiogenic heterogeneity present in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC).