Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Are at Increased Risk for Slowed Growth and Short Stature in Early Childhood.

Our objective was to evaluate the risk of short stature in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the effect of ADHD and its treatment on height-for-age score (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age score (BMIZ) in early childhood. We evaluated 7603 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort 2011 and found that children with ADHD had lower HAZ at second and fourth grades and lower BMIZ at K to fourth grade. Children with ADHD at fourth grade had almost 4 times higher odds of short stature.

Early Life Interventions for Childhood Growth and Development in Tanzania (ELICIT): a protocol for a randomised factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin, nitazoxanide and nicotinamide.

Introduction: In many developing areas in the world, a high burden of enteric pathogens in early childhood are associated with growth deficits. The tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway has been linked to enteric inflammatory responses to intestinal infections. However, it is not known in these settings whether scheduled antimicrobial intervention to reduce subclinical enteric pathogen carriage or repletion of the tryptophan-kynurenine-niacin pathway improves linear growth and development.

Treatment of cachexia: melanocortin and ghrelin interventions.

Cachexia is a condition typified by wasting of fat and LBM caused by anorexia and further endocrinological modulation of energy stores. Diseases known to cause cachectic symptoms include cancer, chronic kidney disease, and chronic heart failure; these conditions are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased resting energy expenditure. Early studies have suggested the central melanocortin system as one of the main mediators of the symptoms of cachexia.

Partial normalization of pubertal timing in female mice with DSS colitis treated with anti-TNF-α antibody.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and resultant colitis occurring prior to puberty are frequently associated with delayed puberty and losses of growth and bone mineralization. Some of this delay may be due to colonic inflammation and associated systemic inflammation. To date no treatments for IBD have been shown to normalize the timing of puberty.

Animal models of anorexia and cachexia.

BACKGROUND: Cachexia is a devastating syndrome of body wasting that worsens quality of life and survival for patients suffering from diseases such as cancer, chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure. Successful treatments have been elusive in humans, leaving a clear need for the development of new treatment compounds. Animal models of cachexia are able to recapitulate the clinical findings from human disease and have provided a much-needed means of testing the efficacy of prospective therapies.

Update on melanocortin interventions for cachexia: progress toward clinical application.

Cachexia is a devastating syndrome of body wasting that is associated with multiple common chronic diseases including cancer, chronic kidney disease, and chronic heart failure. These underlying diseases are associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and result in anorexia, increased resting energy expenditure, and loss of fat and lean body mass. Prior experiments have implicated the central melanocortin system in the hypothalamus with the propagation of these symptoms of cachexia.

Emergence of ghrelin as a treatment for cachexia syndromes.

Cachexia is a constellation of symptoms that amount to body wasting in the setting of a variety of chronic illnesses, including cancer, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cachexia is particularly worrisome clinically because it is associated with a worsened prognosis of the underlying disease. Despite a large amount of study in this area, no single agent has been shown to have consistent efficacy in human trials.