Discovery of an Oral, Rule of 5 Compliant, Interleukin 17A Protein-Protein Interaction Modulator for the Potential Treatment of Psoriasis and Other Inflammatory Diseases.

Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is an interleukin cytokine whose dysregulation is implicated in autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis, and monoclonal antibodies against the IL-17A pathway are now well-established and very effective treatments. This article outlines the work that led to the identification of as an oral, small-molecule protein-protein interaction modulator (PPIm) clinical development candidate. Protein crystallography provided knowledge of the key binding interactions between small-molecule ligands and the IL-17A dimer, and this helped in the multiparameter optimization toward identifying an orally bioavailable, Rule of 5 compliant PPIm of IL-17A.

Discovery of a Selective TRPM8 Antagonist with Clinical Efficacy in Cold-Related Pain.

The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels comprises nonselective cation channels that respond to a wide range of chemical and thermal stimuli. TRPM8, a member of the melastatin subfamily, is activated by cold temperatures (<28 °C), and antagonists of this channel have the potential to treat cold induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. However, TRPM8 has also been implicated in mammalian thermoregulation and antagonists have the potential to induce hypothermia in patients.

Inhibition of TRPM8 channels reduces pain in the cold pressor test in humans.

The transient receptor potential (subfamily M, member 8; TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel localized in primary sensory neurons, and is a candidate for cold thermosensing, mediation of cold pain, and bladder overactivity. Studies with TRPM8 knockout mice and selective TRPM8 channel blockers demonstrate a lack of cold sensitivity and reduced cold pain in various rodent models. Furthermore, TRPM8 blockers significantly lower body temperature.

Pyrimido[4,5-d]azepines as potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists: design, synthesis, and evaluation of PF-3246799 as a treatment for urinary incontinence.

New pyrimido[4,5-d]azepines 7 are disclosed as potent 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists. A preferred example, 7b had minimal activation at either the 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(2B) receptors combined with robust efficacy in a preclinical canine model of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and attractive pharmacokinetic and safety properties. Based on this profile, 7b (PF-3246799) was identified as a candidate for clinical development for the treatment of SUI.

Design and synthesis of pyridazinone-based 5-HT(2C) agonists.

The SAR of a series of pyridazinone derived 5-HT(2C) agonists has been explored and resulted in identification of a compound with excellent levels of 5-HT(2C) functional agonism and selectivity over 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2B). This compound displayed good in vivo efficacy in pre-clinical models of stress urinary incontinence, despite having physiochemical properties commensurate with impaired CNS penetration.

Design and synthesis of piperazinylpyrimidinones as novel selective 5-HT(2C) agonists.

This Letter reports the design and synthesis of several novel series of piperazinyl pyrimidinones as 5-HT(2C) agonists. Several of the compounds presented exhibit good in vitro potency and selectivity over the closely related 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2B) receptors. Compound 11 was active in in vivo models of stress urinary incontinence.

4-Piperidines and 3-pyrrolidines as dual serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships.

Single enantiomer [(aryloxy)(pyridinyl)methyl]piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives 5-9 are inhibitors of monoamine reuptake. Structure-activity relationships established that monoamine reuptake inhibition are functions of amine, pyridine isomer, aryloxy ring substitution and stereochemistry. Consequently, selective NRIs, selective SRIs, dual SNRIs and triple SNDRIs were all identified.

Common tinea infections in children.

The common dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are major causes of superficial fungal infections in children. These infections (e.g.

Stereocontrolled syntheses of kainoid amino acids from 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadienes using tandem radical addition-homoallylic radical rearrangement.

[reaction; see text] N-Boc syn-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(alkyl or aryl)sulfonyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enes serve as precursors in syntheses of the neuroexcitants 3-(carboxymethyl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 43, alpha-kainic acid 12, alpha-isokainic acid 14, and alpha-dihydroallokainic acid 77.

Synthesis of alpha-kainic acid from a 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene by tandem radical addition-homoallylic radical rearrangement.

Reductive radical addition of 2-iodoethanol to N-Boc 2-tosyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene gives N-Boc syn-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-tosyl-2-azabicyclo[2.

Cryosurgery for common skin conditions.

Cryosurgery is a highly effective treatment for a broad range of benign skin problems. With appropriate instruction and supervised experience, family physicians can master the technique quickly. Cryosurgery is best suited for use in patients with light skin and for treatment of lesions in most non-hair-bearing areas of the body.