Advanced strategies of targeting circular RNAs as therapeutic approaches in colorectal cancer drug resistance.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands second in terms of mortality and third among the highest prevalent kinds of cancer globally. CRC prevalence is rising in moderately and poorly developed regions and is greater in economically advanced regions. Despite breakthroughs in targeted therapy, resistance to chemotherapeutics remains a significant challenge in the long-term management of CRC.

Targeting miRNA by CRISPR/Cas in cancer: advantages and challenges.

Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has changed biomedical research and provided entirely new models to analyze every aspect of biomedical sciences during the last decade. In the study of cancer, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system opens new avenues into issues that were once unknown in our knowledge of the noncoding genome, tumor heterogeneity, and precision medicines. CRISPR/Cas-based gene-editing technology now allows for the precise and permanent targeting of mutations and provides an opportunity to target small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs).

A comprehensive overview of identified mutations in SARS CoV-2 spike glycoprotein among Iranian patients.

Since late 2019, when SARS-CoV-2 was reported at Wuhan, several sequence analyses have been performed and SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been submitted in various databases. Moreover, the impact of these variants on infectivity and response to neutralizing antibodies has been assessed. In the present study, we retrieved a total number of 176 complete and high-quality S glycoprotein sequences of Iranian SARS-COV-2 in public database of the GISAID and GenBank from April 2020 up to May 2021.

The interaction between miRNAs/lncRNAs and Notch pathway in human disorders.

Notch pathway is a signaling cascade with important impacts on cell proliferation, differentiation, developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. This pathway also regulates stem cell properties, thus being involved in both normal developmental processes and metastatic capacity of cancer cells. Lots of lncRNAs and miRNAs have been recognized that control Notch pathway at some levels or their expression is regulated by this pathway.

Unconventional immunotherapy with an unconventional target.

Pritumumab, a natural human IgG1 kappa antibody was obtained from a regional draining lymph node of a patient with cervical carcinoma through traditional hybridoma technology. Specificity analysis of the target antigen, an altered form of vimentin called, ecto-domain vimentin (EDV), shows it to be limited to cell surface expression on cancer cells. Clinically, 249 brain cancer patients were treated with a low dose pritumumab regimen, either at 1 mg once a week or 1 mg twice a week, and of those evaluated overall response rates of between 25-30% were seen with several complete and partial responses.

Altered ANRIL Methylation in Epileptic Patients.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have regulatory roles in several aspects of cellular physiology. Recent studies have also revealed their role in neuronal differentiation and the pathophysiology of neurologic disorders such as epilepsy. We have recently reported altered expression of a number of lncRNAs in the peripheral blood of epileptic patients in association with their response to antiepileptic drugs.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor downregulation in gastric cancer.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a certain type of growth factor that participates in the correct construction of the brain. Moreover, some reports have shown its participation in the tumorigenesis process. A long noncoding RNA known as BDNF-antisense (BDNF-AS) is shown to be transcribed from the antisense direction of the BDNF gene and control its expression.

Hepatocellular carcinoma up-regulated long non-coding RNA: a putative marker in multiple sclerosis.

Highly up-regulated in liver cancer (HULC) is a cancer-associated long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which may regulate expression of other genes by working as a competing RNA for microRNAs. In the current study, we assessed transcript levels of this lncRNA in peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy persons to evaluate its possible role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease and its diagnostic power. The results of Multilevel Bayesian showed no significant difference between cases and controls (P = 0.

A Binding Potency Assay for Pritumumab and Ecto-Domain Vimentin.

Pritumumab, a natural human IgG1kappa mAb, was isolated from the regional lymph node of a patient with cervical cancer. This antibody has been reported to bind the cytoskeletal protein vimentin, and to cell surface expressed vimentin referred to as ecto-domain vimentin (EDV). Here, we report details of the development of a potency of binding assay for pritumumab as a prerequisite before pursuing clinical trials.

Pritumumab, the first therapeutic antibody for glioma patients.

Immunotherapy is now at the forefront of cancer therapeutic development. Gliomas are a particularly aggressive form of brain cancer for which immunotherapy may hold promise. Pritumumab (also known in the literature as CLNH11, CLN-IgG, and ACA-11) was the first monoclonal antibody tested in cancer patients.

Technical and ethical limitations in making human monoclonal antibodies (an overview).

In the broadest sense there are no longer any technical limitations to making human mAbs. Biological issues involving the type and nature of either a synthetic or a natural antibody, advantages of various B cell immunological compartments, and various assays needed to qualitate and quantitate mAbs have essentially been solved. If the target antigen is known then procedures to optimize antibody development can be readily planned out and implemented.

Summary analysis of the pre-clinical and clinical results of brain tumor patients treated with pritumumab.

Pritumumab is a human IgG1 kappa antibody that has been derived from a B-cell isolated from a regional draining lymph node of a patient with cervical carcinoma. Specificity analysis of the antibody with human tissues showed the antigen, altered tumor-associated vimentin, to be highly restricted to various cancers and not normal cells and tissues. In various clinical trials in Japan 249 patients with brain cancer were treated with pritumumab.

Antibody phage display: overview of a powerful technology that has quickly translated to the clinic.

Antibody-based immunologic reagents are useful for identifying, isolating, or eliminating cells with particular characteristics related to different diseases. Phage display is a highly valuable technique for antibody selection related to this purpose. In brief, a diverse group of antibody genes prepared from a patient or generated in vitro are inserted into a phagemid vector or the phage genome so that when the protein is expressed, it becomes anchored on the surface of the phage by fusion to a coat protein.

Cocktails of human anti-cancer antibodies show a synergistic effect in nude mouse tumor xenografts.

A panel of four natural human monoclonal IgG antibodies derived from B lymphocytes isolated from regional draining lymph nodes of cancer patients has been developed and characterized. The four human antibodies are termed, RM1, RM2, RM3, and RM4. The immunoreactivity of this panel of four human antibodies is restricted to tumor cells.

Requirements for human antibody cocktails for oncology.

Cancer patients receiving antibodies as monotherapy have benefited from these treatments. However, significant improvements can be made that should make the therapy more effective. Applying lessons learned from the natural oligoclonal antibody response that cancer patients mount to their own tumours suggests that cocktails of monoclonal antibodies could be formulated, which may be more effective in treating cancers.

Novel ganglioside antigen identified by B cells in human medullary breast carcinomas: the proof of principle concerning the tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes.

The potential tumor-recognizing capacity of B cells infiltrating human breast carcinoma is an important aspect of breast cancer biology. As an experimental system, we used human medullary breast carcinoma because of its heavy B lymphocytic infiltration paralleled to a relatively better prognosis. Ig-rearranged V region V(H)-J(H), Vkappa-Jkappa, and Vlambda-Jlambda genes, amplified by RT-PCR of the infiltrating B cells, were cloned, sequenced, and subjected to a comparative DNA analysis.