Tourette syndrome and socioeconomic status.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by multiple motor and vocal tics. Co-morbid behavioural problems are common and include obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, depression and anxiety. Both tics and behavioural symptoms tend to have a chronic course and can affect patients' health-related quality of life; however, little is known about the relationship between TS, social status and occupation.

Defects in cell polarity underlie TSC and ADPKD-associated cystogenesis.

Clinical trials are underway for the treatment of tuberous sclerosis (TSC)-associated tumours using mTOR inhibitors. Here, we show that many of the earliest renal lesions from Tsc1+/- and Tsc2+/- mice do not exhibit mTOR activation, suggesting that pharmacological targeting of an alternative pathway may be necessary to prevent tumour formation. Patients with TSC often develop renal cysts and those with inherited co-deletions of the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) 1 gene (PKD1) develop severe, early onset, polycystic kidneys.