The Effect of Elevation on Intramuscular Tissue Temperatures.

Context: Ice, compression, and elevation, or ICE, is a widely used treatment for acute musculoskeletal injuries. The effects of ice and compression on tissue temperatures have been established, but whether elevation during cryotherapy affects temperature change has not. Elevation has potential to alter local perfusion and thereby alter the balance of heat loss/heat gain, potentially impacting tissue cooling during cryotherapy.

Ultrasound mediated destruction of multifunctional microbubbles for image guided delivery of oxygen and drugs.

We synthesized multifunctional activatible microbubbles (MAMs) for ultrasound mediated delivery of oxygen and drugs with both ultrasound and fluorescence imaging guidance. Oxygen enriched perfluorocarbon (PFC) compound was encapsulated in liposome microbubbles (MBs) by a modified emulsification process. DiI dye was loaded as a model drug.

Progression of secondary injury after musculoskeletal trauma-a window of opportunity?

Context: Acute musculoskeletal-injury management largely focuses on inhibiting secondary injury, although the data describing secondary injury and the timeline for its progression are sparse.

Objective: To describe the timeline and early progression of secondary injury in skeletal muscle over the first 5 h after blunt trauma.

Design: A controlled laboratory study with 2 independent variables (injury status and postinjury time point) in a 2 × 21 factorial.

Therapeutic ultrasound decreases mechano-growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression after muscle contusion injury.

Objective: To examine the influence of nonthermal ultrasound on mechano-growth factor (MGF) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression after blunt trauma.

Design: A 2x4 factorial multivariate analysis of variance design.

Setting: University research laboratory.

The dual roles of neutrophils and macrophages in inflammation: a critical balance between tissue damage and repair.

Objective: To discuss the acute phase of inflammatory response with a focus on the neutrophilic response and its role in inflammation. We discuss the relative balance between the need for inflammation to stimulate repair and the need to limit inflammation because of the additional damage it causes.

Data Sources: We conducted a MEDLINE search from 1966 to 2005 for literature related to acute inflammation, muscle injury, and repair using combinations of the key words inflammation, neutrophil, macrophage, and cytokines.

Secondary injury after musculoskeletal trauma: a review and update.

Objectives: To revisit the secondary injury model, to incorporate several current pathophysiologic theories into the model, and to show the need for more direct research examining the model.

Data Sources: I searched MEDLINE and CINAHL from 1976 to 2001 for literature related to acute injury pathology and pathophysiology and selected classic articles and pathology, pathophysiology, and immunology texts.

Data Synthesis: Acute musculoskeletal injury management is based on a pathophysiologic model, often referred to as the secondary injury model, which was originally developed more than 25 years ago.

Nonthermal ultrasound and exercise in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Objective: To determine whether continuous nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound (US) and low-intensity exercise (Ex) influence skeletal muscle regeneration after a standardized contusion injury in an animal model.

Design: Randomized controlled trial with blinded comparisons in a 2 x 2 factorial (US by Ex) design.

Setting: Animal care facility and exercise physiology biochemistry laboratory.

Pre-athletic training students perform better on written tests with teacher-centered instruction.

There are many different methods of instruction used in the academic setting. Little experimental research exists examining which mode is more effective in educating students. The purpose of this study was to compare scores obtained on the written and the practical examinations of students on a single topic taught through either a teacher-centered format or a student-centered format.

Three-MHz Ultrasound Heats Deeper Into the Tissues Than Originally Theorized.

OBJECTIVE: To measure muscle temperature of ultrasound at 1-MHz and 3-MHz frequencies at a depth of 2.5 cm and to compare treatment durations for vigorous heating (increase of 4 degrees C) and for heating to 40 degrees C. DESIGN AND SETTING: A counterbalanced, repeated-measures design with 1 fixed, independent variable, 1.

The effects of land vs. aquatic plyometrics on power, torque, velocity, and muscle soreness in women.

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in performance indicators (power, torque, and velocity) and muscle soreness between plyometric training on land and in water. Thirty-two college age women were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of an identical plyometric training program on land or in an aquatic setting. Performance indicators were assessed pretraining, midtraining, and posttraining.

Intercollegiate student athlete use of nutritional supplements and the role of athletic trainers and dietitians in nutrition counseling.

A survey of university student athletes was conducted to determine supplement use, perceived efficacy of supplements, availability and use of nutrition services, and perceived nutrition knowledge of athletic trainers. Results from 236 athletes showed that 88% used one or more nutritional supplements, yet perceived efficacy was moderate (2.9 or less; 5-point scale).

Therapeutic Magnets Do Not Affect Tissue Temperatures.

OBJECTIVE: Manufacturers of commercially available "therapeutic" magnets claim that these magnets cause physiologic thermal effects that promote tissue healing. We conducted this study to determine if skin or intramuscular temperatures differed among magnet, sham, and control treatments during 60 minutes of application to the quadriceps muscle. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 3 x 3 mixed-model, factorial design with repeated measures on both independent variables was used.

Cold Modalities With Different Thermodynamic Properties Produce Different Surface and Intramuscular Temperatures.

OBJECTIVE: To compare surface cooling and deep cooling produced by 3 common forms of cryotherapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: We used a 3 x 4 x 4 factorial with repeated measures on measurement depth and treatment. Independent variables were measurement depth (surface, fat + 1 cm, and fat + 2 cm), treatment (ice bag, Wet-Ice, Flex-i-Cold, and control), and treatment order (first, second, third, and fourth).

Identical 3-MHz ultrasound treatments with different devices produce different intramuscular temperatures.

Study Design: A counterbalanced, repeated-measures design with ultrasound device (Omnisound 3000C, Dynatron 950, Excel Ultra III) as the independent variable. The 2 dependent variables were intramuscular (IM) temperature at 6 minutes and at the end of a 10-minute treatment.

Objective: To compare IM temperatures produced by identical 3-MHz ultrasound treatments between 3 different ultrasound devices.

Preliminary comparison of bromelain and Ibuprofen for delayed onset muscle soreness management.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a common bromelain regimen or common ibuprofen regimen are effective in resolving pain and muscle dysfunction associated with delayed onset muscle soreness of the elbow flexors.

Design: A randomized, double-blinded, repeated measures design was used for this study.

Setting: The study was performed in the Sports Injury Research Lab at an NCAA Division I university.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness alters cooling time during cryotherapy.

Objective: To determine if differing subcutaneous adipose thickness alters the treatment duration required to produce a standard cooling effect during cryotherapy.

Design: A 4-group, between-groups comparison in which the independent variable was skinfold thickness (0-10mm, 11-20mm, 21-30mm, 31-40mm) and the dependent variable was cooling time, defined as the treatment duration required to decrease intramuscular (IM) temperature 7 degrees C from baseline.

Setting: A sports injury research laboratory.

A comparison of intramuscular temperatures during ultrasound treatments with coupling gel or gel pads.

Study Design: A repeated-measures design was used. The independent variable was ultrasound coupling medium with 2 levels: gel pad and traditional gel. The dependent variable was peak intramuscular (IM) tissue temperature.