Nine-year prospective efficacy and safety of brain-responsive neurostimulation for focal epilepsy.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate safety and efficacy of brain-responsive neurostimulation in adults with medically intractable focal onset seizures (FOS) over 9 years.

Methods: Adults treated with brain-responsive neurostimulation in 2-year feasibility or randomized controlled trials were enrolled in a long-term prospective open label trial (LTT) to assess safety, efficacy, and quality of life (QOL) over an additional 7 years. Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs), efficacy as median percent change in seizure frequency and responder rate, and QOL with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89) inventory.

Invasion of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes into the Mauthner axon myelin sheath following spinal cord injury of the adult goldfish, Carassius auratus.

Rapid activation of resident glia occurs after spinal cord injury. Somewhat later, innate and adaptive immune responses occur with the invasion of peripheral immune cells into the wound site. The activation of resident and peripheral immune cells has been postulated to play harmful as well as beneficial roles in the regenerative process.

Treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia using RNS® System: Efficacy and description of chronic electrophysiological recordings.

Objectives: Describe changes in clinical seizure frequency and electrophysiological data recorded in patients with medically-intractable seizures and periventricular nodular heterotopias (PVNH) treated with the RNS® System (NeuroPace, Inc., Mountain View, CA).

Methods: Clinical seizures from eight patients (mean follow-up of 10.

Predictors of Postoperative Seizure Recurrence: A Longitudinal Study of Temporal and Extratemporal Resections.

Objective. We investigated the longitudinal outcome of resective epilepsy surgery to identify the predictors of seizure recurrence. Materials and Methods.

Axon cap morphology of the sea robin (Prionotus carolinus): Mauthner cell is correlated with the presence of "signature" field potentials and a C-type startle response.

Studies on the Mauthner cell (M-cell) of goldfish, Carassius auratus, have facilitated our understanding of how sensory information is integrated in the hindbrain to initiate C-type fast startle responses (C-starts). The goldfish M-cell initial segment/axon hillock is surrounded by a composite axon cap consisting of a central core and a peripheral zone covered by a glial cell layer. The high resistivity of the axon cap results in "signature" field potentials recorded on activation of the M-cell, allowing unequivocal physiological identification of the M-cell and of its feedback and reciprocal inhibitory networks that are crucial in ensuring that only one M-cell is active and that it fires only once.

Posttraumatic epilepsy: the endophenotypes of a human model of epileptogenesis.

Posttraumatic epilepsy is a common complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), occurring in up to 15-20% of patients with severe brain trauma. Trauma accounts for approximately 5% of chronic epilepsy in the community. Because it is a common condition, and because of the relatively short latency period between injury and onset of chronic seizures, posttraumatic epilepsy represents a good model to test antiepileptogenic therapies.

Increased risk of late posttraumatic seizures associated with inheritance of APOE epsilon4 allele.

Background: Late posttraumatic seizures are a common complication of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease, progression to disability in multiple sclerosis, and poor outcome after traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To determine whether inheritance of APOE epsilon4 is associated with increased risk of developing late posttraumatic seizures.

Bilateral Memory Dysfunction in Epilepsy Surgery Candidates Detected by the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (Wada Memory Test).

The intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) is widely used in the evaluation of candidates for resective epilepsy surgery, in part to identify patients at risk for postoperative amnesia. Yet there is no widely accepted standardized protocol, and there is a paucity of quantitative data to assess the factors associated with poor IAP performance. This report summarizes our findings on 110 patients with intractable focal epilepsy who underwent IAP testing at our center.