Field-flow fractionation - an excellent tool for fractionation, isolation and/or purification of biomacromolecules.

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) with its several variants, has developed into a mature methodology. The scope of the FFF investigations has expanded, covering both a wide range of basic studies and especially a wide range of analytical applications. Special attention of this review is given to the achievements of FFF with reference to recent applications in the fractionation, isolation, and purification of biomacromolecules, and from which especially those of (in alphabetical order) bacteria, cells, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and viruses and virus-like particles.

Assessment of physicochemical properties of sorbent materials in passive and active sampling systems towards gaseous nitrogen-containing compounds.

The adsorption and desorption behavior of volatile nitrogen-containing compounds in vapor phase by solid-phase microextraction Arrow (SPME-Arrow) and in-tube extraction (ITEX) sampling systems, were investigated experimentally using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three different SPME-Arrow coating materials, DVB/PDMS, MCM-41, and MCM-41-TP and two ITEX adsorbents, TENAX-GR and MCM-41-TP were compared to clarify the selectivity of the sorbents towards nitrogen-containing compounds. In addition, saturated vapor pressures for these compounds were estimated, both experimentally and theoretically.

Automated On-Line Isolation and Fractionation Method for Subpopulations of Extracellular Vesicles.

Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) with selective antibodies immobilized on polymeric monolithic disk columns enables selective isolation of biomacromolecules from human plasma, while asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF or AF4) can be used for further fractionation of relevant subpopulations of biomacromolecules (e.g., small dense low-density lipoproteins, exomeres, and exosomes) from the isolates.

Evaluation of VOCs from fungal strains, building insulation materials and indoor air by solid phase microextraction arrow, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and machine learning approaches.

Solid phase microextraction Arrow and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the collection and evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fungal cultures from building insulation materials and in indoor air. Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and supported vector machine were used for visualization and statistical assessment of differences between samples. In addition, a screening tool based on the soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA) was developed for identification of fungal contamination of indoor air.

Marination increased tyramine levels in rainbow trout fillet strips packaged under modified atmosphere.

Marinades are increasingly used to manufacture raw fish products. In corresponding meats, marinating is known to have a major effect on the composition of the microbiome, but the effect of marinating on fish is not known as well. This knowledge gap prompted our study of the microbial ecology and amine formation in marinated and unmarinated modified atmosphere commercially packaged rainbow trout fillet strips.

Raman spectroscopy combined with comprehensive gas chromatography for label-free characterization of plasma-derived extracellular vesicle subpopulations.

Raman spectroscopy together with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) was employed to characterize exomere- (<50 nm) and exosome-sized (50-80 nm) EVs isolated from human plasma by the novel on-line immunoaffinity chromatography - asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation method. CD9, CD63, and CD81 EVs were selected to represent general EV subpopulations secreted into plasma, while CD61 EVs represented the specific EV subset derived from platelets. Raman spectroscopy could distinguish EVs from non-EV particles, including apolipoprotein B-100-containing lipoproteins, signifying its potential in EV purity assessment.

Kinetics and interaction studies of anti-tetraspanin antibodies and ICAM-1 with extracellular vesicle subpopulations using continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance biosensor.

Continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was utilized to study binding kinetics between EV subpopulations (exomere- and exosome-sized EVs) and four affinity ligands: monoclonal antibodies against tetraspanins (anti-CD9, anti-CD63, and anti-CD81) and recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or CD54 protein). High purity CD9, CD63, and CD81 EV subpopulations of <50 nm exomeres and 50-80 nm exosomes were isolated and fractionated using our recently developed on-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography - asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation system. Adaptive Interaction Distribution Algorithm (AIDA), specifically designed for the analysis of complex biological interactions, was used with a four-step procedure for reliable estimation of the degree of heterogeneity in rate constant distributions.

Aerial drone furnished with miniaturized versatile air sampling systems for selective collection of nitrogen containing compounds in boreal forest.

A wide variety of nitrogen-containing compounds are present in the environment, which contributes to air pollution and new particle formation, for example. These eventually affect human health and the climate. With all this consideration, there is a growing interest in the development of efficient and reliable methods to determine these compounds in the atmosphere.

Quantitative analysis and spatial and temporal distribution of volatile organic compounds in atmospheric air by utilizing drone with miniaturized samplers.

Our second generation air sampling drone system, allowing the simultaneous use of four solid phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow and four in-tube extraction (ITEX) units, was employed for collection of atmospheric air samples at different spatial and temporal dimensions. SPME Arrow coated with two types of materials and ITEX with 10% polyacrylonitrile as sorbent were used to give a more comprehensive chemical characterization of the collected air samples. Before field sampling, miniaturized samplers went through quality control and assurance in terms of reproducibility (RSD ≤14.

Capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography for determining steroids in concentrates of purified water from Päijänne Lake.

The research was done with partial filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The study focuses on determination of male and female steroids from cold and hot tap water of households in Helsinki City. The district´s raw water is made run from Päijänne Lake through a water tunnel to the purification plants in Helsinki area.

Modern isolation and separation techniques for extracellular vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-bound vesicles released from various origins. EVs play a crucial role in cellular communication and mediate several physiological and pathological processes, highlighting their potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Due to the rapid increase in interests and needs to elucidate EV properties and functions, numerous isolation and separation approaches for EVs have been developed to overcome limitations of conventional techniques, such as ultracentrifugation.

Broadband Laser-Based Infrared Detector for Gas Chromatography.

Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy coupled with gas chromatography is used to quantitatively analyze a mixture of alcohols in a quasi-online manner. A full identification and quantification of all analytes are achieved based on their spectral fingerprints using a widely tunable continuous-wave laser as a light source. This can be done even in the case of interfering column/septum bleed or simultaneously eluted peaks.

Automated On-Line Isolation and Fractionation System for Nanosized Biomacromolecules from Human Plasma.

An automated on-line isolation and fractionation system including controlling software was developed for selected nanosized biomacromolecules from human plasma by on-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography-asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (IAC-AsFlFFF). The on-line system was versatile, only different monoclonal antibodies, anti-apolipoprotein B-100, anti-CD9, or anti-CD61, were immobilized on monolithic disk columns for isolation of lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The platelet-derived CD61-positive EVs and CD9-positive EVs, isolated by IAC, were further fractionated by AsFlFFF to their size-based subpopulations (e.

Electrokinetic characterization of extracellular vesicles with capillary electrophoresis: A new tool for their identification and quantification.

This work reports on the development of the first capillary electrophoresis methodology for the elucidation of extracellular vesicles' (EVs) electrokinetic distributions. The approach is based on capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescent (LIF) detection for the identification and quantification of EVs after their isolation. Sensitive detection of these nanometric entities was possible thanks to an 'inorganic-species-free' background electrolyte.

Layered double hydroxide/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) coated solid phase microextraction Arrow for the determination of volatile organic compounds in water.

Today, wide variety of adsorbents have been developed for sample pretreatment to concentrate and separate harmful substances. However, only a few solid phase microextraction Arrow adsorbents are commercially available. In this study, we developed a new solid phase microextraction Arrow coating, in which nanosheets layered double hydroxides and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) were utilized as the extraction phase and poly(vinyl chloride) as the adhesive.

Fast isolation of highly specific population of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles from blood plasma by affinity monolithic column, immobilized with anti-human CD61 antibody.

A new, fast and selective immunoaffinity chromatographic method including a methacrylate-based convective interaction media (CIM®) disk monolithic column, immobilized with anti-human CD61 antibody, was developed for the isolation of CD61-containing platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from plasma. The isolated EVs were detected and size characterized by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) with multi-angle light-scattering (MALS) and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) detection, and further confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mean size of platelet-derived EV isolates from the anti-CD61 CIM® disk monolithic column were 174 nm (SD 60 nm) based on the NTA results.

Rapid affinity chromatographic isolation method for LDL in human plasma by immobilized chondroitin-6-sulfate and anti-apoB-100 antibody monolithic disks in tandem.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered the major risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). A novel and rapid method for the isolation of LDL from human plasma was developed utilising affinity chromatography with monolithic stationary supports. The isolation method consisted of two polymeric monolithic disk columns, one immobilized with chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) and the other with apolipoprotein B-100 monoclonal antibody (anti-apoB-100 mAb).

Fully Automated Online Dynamic In-Tube Extraction for Continuous Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air.

Comprehensive and time-dependent information (e.g., chemical composition, concentration) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in atmospheric, indoor, and breath air is essential to understand the fundamental science of the atmosphere, air quality, and diseases diagnostic.

Selective extraction of aliphatic amines by functionalized mesoporous silica-coated solid phase microextraction Arrow.

Mesoporous silica-coated solid phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow systems were developed for capturing of low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines (LMWAAs) from complicated sample matrices. Specifically, silicas of type MCM-41, SBA-15 and KIT-6 were chosen as substrates to afford size-exclusion selectivity. They possess ordered multidimensional pore-channel structures and mesopore sizes between 3.

Aerial drone as a carrier for miniaturized air sampling systems.

The applicability of an aerial drone as a carrier for new passive and active miniaturized air sampling systems, including solid phase microextration Arrow (SPME Arrow) and in-tube extraction (ITEX), was studied in this research. Thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected by the sampling systems. The direct comparison of the profiles of VOCs, simultaneously sampled in air by SPME Arrow system including four different coatings, allowed the elucidation of their adsorption selectivity.

Integrated atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor reaction for the preparation of metal organic framework coatings for solid-phase microextraction Arrow.

New chemical vapor reaction (CVR) and atomic layer deposition (ALD)-conversion methods were utilized for preparation of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) coatings of solid phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow for the first time. With simple, easy and convenient one-step reaction or conversion, four MOF coatings were made by suspend ALD iron oxide (FeO) film or aluminum oxide (AlO) film above terephthalic acid (HBDC) or trimesic acid (HBTC) vapor. UIO-66 coating was made by zirconium (Zr)-BDC film in acetic acid vapor.

Reliable Strategy for Analysis of Complex Biosensor Data.

When using biosensors, analyte biomolecules of several different concentrations are percolated over a chip with immobilized ligand molecules that form complexes with analytes. However, in many cases of biological interest, e.g.