Highly differentiated loci resolve phylogenetic relationships in the Bean Goose complex.

Background: Reconstructing phylogenetic relationships with genomic data remains a challenging endeavor. Numerous phylogenomic studies have reported incongruent gene trees when analyzing different genomic regions, complicating the search for a 'true' species tree. Some authors have argued that genomic regions of increased divergence (i.

Long-Term Reciprocal Gene Flow in Wild and Domestic Geese Reveals Complex Domestication History.

Hybridization has frequently been observed between wild and domestic species and can substantially impact genetic diversity of both counterparts. Geese show some of the highest levels of interspecific hybridization across all bird orders, and two of the goose species in the genus have been domesticated providing an excellent opportunity for a joint study of domestication and hybridization. Until now, knowledge of the details of the goose domestication process has come from archaeological findings and historical writings supplemented with a few studies based on mitochondrial DNA.

Over a Thousand Years of Evolutionary History of Domestic Geese from Russian Archaeological Sites, Analysed Using Ancient DNA.

The European domestic goose is a widely farmed species known to have descended from the wild greylag goose (). However, the evolutionary history of this domesticate is still poorly known. Ancient DNA studies have been useful for many species, but there has been little such work on geese.

Maturation of oxycodone pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants: Oxycodone and its metabolites in plasma and urine.

Aims: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of oxycodone and its major metabolites in infants and covered the age range between extremely preterm neonates and 2-year-old infants.

Methods: Seventy-nine infants (gestational age 23-42 weeks; postnatal age 0-650 days) received intravenous oxycodone hydrochloride trihydrate at a dose of 0.1 mg kg during or after surgery.

Levobupivacaine for Spinal Anesthesia in Children: Cerebrospinal Fluid Aspiration Before the Injection Does not Affect the Spread or Duration of the Sensory Block.

Background: Several factors are thought to affect the spread and duration of spinal anesthesia (SA) in adults. These include the volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the lumbar spinal canal, which has a negative correlation with both the spread and duration of the sensory block.

Objectives: We evaluated whether CSF aspiration before an injection of levobupivacaine affected the spread or duration of SA in children.

How readily does ketorolac penetrate cerebrospinal fluid in children?

Ketorolac is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic used in postoperative pain management. Ketorolac elicits its analgesic action by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme in peripheral tissues and in the spinal cord. Central nervous system penetration of parenteral ketorolac has been evaluated in adults but not in children.

Cerebrospinal fluid distribution of ibuprofen after intravenous administration in children.

Background: Ibuprofen is the most commonly used nonsteroidal, antipyretic, antiinflammatory analgesic in children. Nonsteroidal, antipyretic, antiinflammatory analgesics act in both the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. The central nervous system penetration of ibuprofen has been described in adults but not in children.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) penetrates readily into the cerebrospinal fluid of children after intravenous administration.

Introduction: The main action of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is presumed to be in the central nervous system. The central nervous system penetration of paracetamol has been described in children with intracranial pathologies but not in children with an intact blood-brain barrier.

Objective: We investigated the cerebrospinal fluid penetration of paracetamol in 32 healthy children, aged 3 months to 12 years, who were undergoing surgery in the lower body using spinal anesthesia.

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of indomethacin in children after intravenous administration.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) permeation of indomethacin in healthy children. The participants (n = 31, aged 4-144 months) received indomethacin (0.35 mg/kg) as a 10-minute intravenous infusion prior to surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

Cerebrospinal fluid distribution of ketoprofen after intravenous administration in young children.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) distribution of an NSAID, ketoprofen, in children. Ketoprofen concentrations were determined from the CSF, plasma and protein-free plasma samples.

Methods: Children (n = 21), aged 13-94 months, were given intravenous ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) prior to surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

Increased incidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients treated for Hirschsprung's disease.

Background/purpose: Mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are responsible for the development of inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). RET mutations are encountered in patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). We hypothesized that the incidence of MTC is increased in patients with HD.

Isobaric ropivacaine 5 mg/ml for spinal anesthesia in children.

In this clinical trial, we evaluated the clinical effects of ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia in children. An open, prospective study was performed on 93 children, aged 1-17 yr, undergoing elective lower abdominal or lower limb surgery. A plain solution of ropivacaine 5 mg/mL at a dose of 0.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a survey of practice in Scandinavia.

There is no consensus on the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and practice seems to vary between centres. The main purpose of the present study was to survey current practice in Scandinavia. Thirteen paediatric surgical centres serving a population of about 22 million were invited, and all participated.

Levobupivacaine for pediatric spinal anesthesia.

Unlabelled: In this clinical trial we evaluated the clinical effects of levobupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in children. An open, noncomparative study was performed on 40 children, aged 1-14 yr, undergoing elective lower abdominal or lower limb surgery. A plain solution of S(-)-bupivacaine 5 mg/mL at a mean dose of 0.

Hirschsprung's disease in cartilage-hair hypoplasia has poor prognosis.

Purpose: Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a chondrodysplasia with growth failure, impaired immunity, and high incidence of Hirschsprung disease (HD). This study describes the outcome of CHH patients with HD.

Methods: Among 147 patients with CHH, 13 were identified to have HD.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Scandinavia from 1995 to 1998: Predictors of mortality.

Background/purpose: There is a lack of large contemporary studies on the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and the prediction of mortality remains difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of perinatal factors on mortality rate in a contemporary multicenter study.

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study.