Analysis of medication and prescription background risk factors contributing to oral medication administration errors by nurses: A case-control study.

Medication errors, including overdose and underdose, have a significant impact on patients and the medical economy. We need to prevent or avoid recurring medication errors. Therefore, we conducted a survey to identify medication and prescription background risk factors contributing to the administration of medication by nurses.

Neuroprotective effect of a dietary supplement against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina.

Aim: To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of a dietary supplement (ClearVision EX; CV) against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina.

Methods: We evaluated the protective effects CV on glutamate-induced cell toxicity of an immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line (HT-22) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced retinal injury . Once-daily oral administration of CV or vehicle (5% Arabic gum) was started the day before the NMDA injection and continued until the end of the study.

Identification of Zn-nicotianamine and Fe-2'-Deoxymugineic acid in the phloem sap from rice plants (Oryza sativa L.).

In higher plants, the supply of metals such as Zn and Fe via phloem is important for the growth and physiology of young organs. However, little information is available on the speciation (chemical forms) of these metals in the phloem fluids. Because the pH of phloem fluids is slightly alkaline and the concentration of phosphate, which may bind to metals, is high, Zn and Fe in phloem fluids could be precipitated if these metals do not form complexes with some ligand compounds.