The dynamic roles of advanced glycation end products.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of potentially harmful molecules that can form as a result of a non-enzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. The total body pool of AGEs reflects endogenously produced AGEs as well as exogeneous AGEs that come from sources such as diet and the environment. Engagement of AGEs with their cellular receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which is expressed on the surface of various cell types, converts a brief pulse of cellular activation to sustained cellular dysfunction and tissue destruction.

Effect of Moderate-Intense Training and Detraining on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study.

Exercise training positively regulates glucose metabolism. This study investigated the impact of training and detraining on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes. Twenty-six rats completed an initial 4-week moderate-intense training (T0-T4).

Effect of In Ovo Trace Element Supplementation on Immune-Related Cells of the Small Intestine of Post-hatched Broiler Chicken.

Pathological conditions and harmful drugs cause many gastrointestinal diseases in broiler chicken. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of trace elements zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) supplementation on histomorphology, immunological role, and functional activity of goblet cells (GCs) of the small intestine. The Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) was performed to assess the histomorphological changes in GCs, which revealed the regular dispersion with high electron density of GCs throughout the mucosal surface in the supplemented group.

Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Perspectives.

Persistent hyperglycemic state in type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to the initiation and progression of non-enzymatic glycation reaction with proteins and lipids and nucleic acids. Glycation reaction leads to the generation of a heterogeneous group of chemical moieties known as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), which play a central role in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications. The engagement of AGEs with its chief cellular receptor, RAGE, activates a myriad of signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK, TGF-β, JNK, and NF-κB, leading to enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Insulin Signal Transduction Perturbations in Insulin Resistance.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widespread medical condition, characterized by high blood glucose and inadequate insulin action, which leads to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in insulin-responsive tissues precedes the onset of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Multiple molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in insulin resistance.