Correction: Anatomy of the sacroiliac joint with relation to the lumbosacral trunk: Is there sufficient space for a two-hole plate?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Digital Image Analysis of Vertebral Body S1 and Its Ossification Center in the Human Fetus.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center in the human fetus, based on their linear, planar, and volumetric parameters.

Methods: The examinations were carried out on 54 human fetuses of both sexes (26 males and 28 females) aged 18-30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction, and statistical methods, the size of the first sacral vertebra and its ossification center was evaluated.

Digital image analysis of vertebral body L4 and its ossification center in the human fetus.

Using a Siemens-Biograph 128 mCT camera the morphometric analysis of the L4 vertebral body and its ossification center were done in 55human fetuses aged 17 to 30weeks. No sex differences were found. The mean height, transverse and sagittal diameters of L4 vertebral body followed the logarithmic functions: y = -11.

Quantitative anatomy of the infraspinatus muscle in the human fetus.

Background: The study presents one of the six scapulohumeral muscles, which occupies most of the osteofibrous infraspinatus compartment. Along with the supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscles, the infraspinatus muscle contributes to the rotator cuff. It protects the posterior aspect of the articular capsule of the shoulder joint, adducts and externally rotates the arm.

CT-Based Evaluation of Volumetric Posterior Pelvic Bone Density with Implications for the Percutaneous Screw Fixation of the Sacroiliac Joint.

Operative treatment of fragility fractures of the pelvis has become a gold standard. Preoperative planning, including the assessment of the pathway for iliosacral screws, is crucial. The anchorage of the screw depends on the bone quality.

Quantitative study of the ossification centers of the body of sphenoid bone in the human fetus.

The aim of the present study was to examine the growth dynamics of the two ossification centers of the body of sphenoid bone in the human fetus, based on their linear, planar and volumetric parameters. The examinations were carried out on 37 human fetuses of both sexes aged 18-30 weeks of gestation, which had been preserved in 10% neutral formalin solution. Using CT, digital image analysis software, 3D reconstruction and statistical methods, we evaluated the size of the presphenoid and postsphenoid ossification centers.

Quantitative anatomy of the extensor digiti minimi muscle in the growing human fetus.

Introduction Age-specific reference intervals for the extensor digiti minimi muscle (EDMM) in the human fetus may be relevant in the detailed evaluation of the musculoskeletal systems with potential relevant aspects for surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to examine the age-specific reference intervals and growth dynamics of the EDMM in relation to its length, width, projection surface area and volume. Material and methods The examined material included 70 human formalin-fixed fetuses of both sexes (37♀, 33♂) aged from 17 to 29 weeks.

Application of artificial neural networks to evaluate femur development in the human fetus.

The present article concentrates on an innovative analysis that was performed to assess the development of the femur in human fetuses using artificial intelligence. As a prerequisite, linear dimensions, cross-sectional surface areas and volumes of the femoral shaft primary ossification center in 47 human fetuses aged 17-30 weeks, originating from spontaneous miscarriages and preterm deliveries, were evaluated with the use of advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography and digital image analysis. In order to ensure the data representativeness and to avoid introducing any hidden structures that may exist in the data, the entire dataset was randomized and separated into three subsets: training (50% of cases), testing (25% of cases), and validation (25% of cases).

Quantitative study of the popliteal fossa in the human fetus.

The popliteal fossa presents an extensive diamond-shaped topographical element on the posterior aspect of the knee. With the use of classical anatomical dissection, digital image analysis of NIS Elements AR 3.0 and statistics we morphometrically analyzed the size of the popliteal fossa in human fetuses aged 17-29 weeks of gestation.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in the human fetus.

Detailed numerical data about the development of primary ossification centers in human fetuses may influence both better evaluation and early detection of skeletal dysplasias, which are associated with delayed development and mineralization of ossification centers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the medical literature to morphometrically analyze the primary ossification center of the squamous part of temporal bone in human fetuses based on computed tomography imaging. The present study offers a precise quantitative foundation for ossification of the squamous part of temporal bone that may contribute to enhanced prenatal care and improved outcomes for fetuses with inherited cranial defects and skeletodysplasias.

Anatomy of the sacroiliac joint with relation to the lumbosacral trunk: Is there sufficient space for a two-hole plate?

Dislocations of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) are treated with iliosacral screws or anterior plating. The study aimed to investigate the course of the lumbosacral trunk with reference to SIJ and determine whether is there sufficient space for two screws through the sacrum while performing anterior plating. Sixty patients, who underwent an MRI of the lumbar spine were included in our study.

Quantitative anatomy of the fused ossification center of the occipital squama in the human fetus.

CT-based quantitative analysis of any ossification center in the cranium has not previously been carried out due to the limited availability of human fetal material. Detailed morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in the human fetus may be useful in the early detection of congenital defects. Ossification disorders in the cranium are associated with either a delayed development of ossification centers or their mineralization.

Morphometric study of the primary ossification center of the frontal squama in the human fetus.

Purposes: Detailed morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in human fetuses is useful in the early detection of skeletal dysplasias associated with a delayed development of ossification centers and their mineralization. Quantitative analysis of primary ossification centers of cranial bones is sporadic due to limited availability of fetal material.

Material And Methods: The size of the primary ossification center of the frontal squama in 37 human (16 males and 21 females) spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 18-30 weeks was studied by means of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics.

Morphometric study of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver in the human fetus.

This study aimed to examine age-specific reference intervals and growth dynamics of the best fit for liver dimensions on the diaphragmatic surface of the fetal liver. The research material consisted of 69 human fetuses of both sexes (32♂, 37♀) aged 18-30 weeks. Using methods of anatomical dissection, digital image analysis and statistics, a total of 10 measurements and 2 calculations were performed.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the radial shaft in human fetuses.

Purpose: The medical literature still lacks studies on the size of the radial shaft primary ossification center, thus preventing us from potentially relevant data in diagnosing skeletal dysplasias, i.e., TAR syndrome, VATER syndrome, Holt-Oram syndrome, Fanconi anemia and Edwards syndrome, frequently characterized by disrupted or retarded fetal growth.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center in the fetal pubis bone.

Purposes: Skeletodysplasiae and hereditary dysostoses constitute a group of over 350 disorders of the skeletal system. Knowledge about development of the pubic primary ossification center may be useful in both determining the fetal stage and maturity, and for detecting congenital disorders. The present study was performed to quantitatively examine the pubic primary ossification center with respect to its linear, planar, and volumetric parameters.

The primary ossification of the human fetal ischium: CT, digital-image analysis, and statistics.

Purposes: Details concerning the normal growth of the pelvic girdle in the fetus are of importance in the early detection of congenital defects. This study was executed to quantitatively evaluate the primary ossification center of the ischium with relation to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters.

Materials And Methods: Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis, and statistics, geometrical dimensions of the ischium's primary ossification center in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (21 ♂ and 21 ♀) aged 18-30 weeks were calculated.

Morphometric study of the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft in the human fetus.

Purposes: Precise morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in human fetuses may be useful in the early detection of skeletal dysplasias associated with delayed ossification center development and mineralization. The present study was performed to quantitatively examine the primary ossification center of the fibular shaft with respect to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters.

Materials And Methods: Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis (Osirix 3.

Three-dimensional growth of tibial shaft ossification in the human fetus: a digital-image and statistical analysis.

Purposes: Tibial shaft ossification in terms of its size and growth may be criticalin describing both the fetal stage and maturity, and in identifying innate disorders. The present study was executed to quantitatively assess ossification of the tibial shaft, taking its morphometric linear, planar and volumetric parameters into account.

Materials And Methods: With the use of methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the evolutionof tibial shaft ossification in 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses at the age of 17-30 weeks was studied.

Quantitative anatomy of the ulna's shaft primary ossification center in the human fetus.

Purpose: There has been little information in the medical literature regarding the growing ulna in the human fetus, though such knowledge appears to be potentially useful in diagnosing skeletal dysplasias, characterized by a disrupted or completely halted growth of the fetus. Therefore, longitudinal measurements of long bones are extremely conducive in assessing both pregnancy and fetal anatomy.

Materials And Methods: Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size of the ulna's shaft primary ossification center in 48 (26 males and 22 females) spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17-30 weeks was studied.

Quantitative anatomy of the ilium's primary ossification center in the human fetus.

Purpose: An understanding of the development of the ilium's primary ossification center may be useful in both determining the fetal stage and maturity, and for detecting congenital disorders. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the ilium's primary ossification center with respect to its linear, planar and volumetric parameters.

Materials And Methods: Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size of the ilium's primary ossification center in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses of crown-rump length (CRL) ranged from 130 to 265 mm (aged 18-30 weeks) was studied.

Quantitative anatomy of the growing quadratus lumborum in the human foetus.

Purposes: The purpose of the study was to quantitatively evaluate the size of the quadratus lumborum and to precisely display its growth dynamics in the human foetus.

Materials And Methods: Using anatomical dissection, digital-image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0) and statistical analysis (Student's t test, regression analysis), the length, width, surface area, and cross-sectional area of the quadratus lumborum were measured, and the width-to-length ratio was calculated in 58 human foetuses of both sexes (26♂, 32♀) aged 16-27 weeks.

Quantitative anatomy of the primary ossification center of the femoral shaft in human fetuses.

Purpose: Early clinical distinction of congenital defects in the femur is extremely important, as it determines the prognosis of the development of the lower limb. This study was performed to quantitatively examine the primary center of ossification in the femoral shaft with respect to its linear, planar, and volumetric parameters.

Materials And Methods: Using methods of CT, digital-image analysis, and statistics, the size of the primary ossification center of the femoral shaft in 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17-30 weeks was studied.