Defibrillator exchange in the elderly.

Background: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in elderly patients is controversial because survival benefits might be attenuated by nonarrhythmic causes of death.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of septuagenarians and octogenarians after ICD generator exchange (GE).

Methods: A total of 506 patients undergoing elective GE were analyzed to determine the incidence of ICD shocks and/or survival after GE.

Influence of Vitamin D and C on Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome-A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES) is a rare disease with a largely unknown etiology. The aim of this scoping review is to systematically evaluate and combine the available evidence about vitamin D and C and BMES. The analysis of the manuscripts was based on country of origin, number of patients, gender, study type, epidemiology, localization, bone mineral density measurements, vitamin status and therapy.