Correction: Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people living with HIV in the Netherlands: A nationwide prospective cohort study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people living with HIV in the Netherlands: A nationwide prospective cohort study.

Background: Vaccines can be less immunogenic in people living with HIV (PLWH), but for SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations this is unknown. In this study we set out to investigate, for the vaccines currently approved in the Netherlands, the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in PLWH.

Methods And Findings: We conducted a prospective cohort study to examine the immunogenicity of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S, and Ad26.

Timely administration of tocilizumab improves outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of early tocilizumab treatment for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease.

Methods: Open-label randomized phase II clinical trial investigating tocilizumab in patients with proven COVID-19 admitted to the general ward and in need of supplemental oxygen. The primary endpoint of the study was 30-day mortality with a prespecified 2-sided significance level of α = 0.

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression as Surrogate Marker for Cardiovascular Risk: Meta-Analysis of 119 Clinical Trials Involving 100 667 Patients.

Background: To quantify the association between effects of interventions on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression and their effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

Methods: We systematically collated data from randomized, controlled trials. cIMT was assessed as the mean value at the common-carotid-artery; if unavailable, the maximum value at the common-carotid-artery or other cIMT measures were used.

Limited Generalizability of Registration Trials in Hepatitis C: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background: Approval of drugs in chronic hepatitis C is supported by registration trials. These trials might have limited generalizability through use of strict eligibility criteria. We compared effectiveness and safety of real world hepatitis C patients eligible and ineligible for registration trials.

Zidovudine/lamivudine but not nevirapine in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir decreases subcutaneous adipose tissue mitochondrial DNA.

Objective: No randomized study has prospectively followed subcutaneous adipose tissue mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) changes when starting thymidine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tNRTIs).

Design: The Metabolic Effects of DIfferent CLasses of AntiretroviralS study randomized HIV-positive, treatment-naive male participants to start lopinavir/ritonavir (LPVr) with either zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) or nevirapine (NVP).

Methods: Regional body fat was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography at months 0, 3, 12, 24 and 36.

The lopinavir/ritonavir-associated rise in lipids is not related to lopinavir or ritonavir plasma concentration.

Background: The relationship between lopinavir plasma concentration and the magnitude of lipid elevation after initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral therapy is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between drug concentration and lipid changes in two patient cohorts.

Methods: First, we analysed, in an outpatient cohort, the correlation between percentage lipid changes and lopinavir concentration, measured at least 2 weeks or more after initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir.

Brain abscess associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: case report and review of literature.

Introduction: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major pathogen in localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis. A. actinomycetemcomitans has been found in various extra oral infections and most frequently in endocarditis.

Insulin sensitivity in multiple pathways is differently affected during zidovudine/lamivudine-containing compared with NRTI-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy.

Objective: The extent and manner by which HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors contribute to insulin resistance is unclear. We evaluated the effect of zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) on glucose metabolism.

Methods: combination antiretroviral therapy-naive men were randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r, 400/100 mg twice a day) + ZDV/3TC or LPV/r (533/133 mg twice a day) + nevirapine (NVP).

Zidovudine/lamivudine for HIV-1 infection contributes to limb fat loss.

Background: Lipoatrophy is known to be associated with stavudine as part of the treatment for HIV infection, but it is less clear if this serious side effect is also related to other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like zidovudine. We aimed to determine whether zidovudine-sparing first-line antiretroviral therapy would lead to less lipoatrophy and other metabolic changes than zidovudine-containing therapy.

Methodology/principal Findings: Fifty antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected men with an indication to start antiretroviral therapy were included in a randomized single blinded clinical trial.

First line zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir leads to greater bone loss compared to nevirapine/lopinavir/ritonavir.

Objective: We studied changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the contribution of zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) in particular.

Design: Randomized clinical trial comparing lopinavir/ritonavir(LPV/r) + ZDV/3TC with LPV/r + nevirapine (NVP) in 50 cART-naive men.

Methods: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography scans (QCT) were performed at baseline and 3, 12, and 24 months after cART initiation.

Increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness but improvement in several markers of endothelial function after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.

Background: The risk of cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is an increasing concern. We studied the changes in vascular properties after the initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as well as the contribution of different drug classes.

Methods: cART-naive men were randomized to receive either lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) plus zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) (n = 19) or LPV/r plus nevirapine (NVP) (n = 18).

Carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in HIV-infected patients: the role of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and lipodystrophy.

Objectives: HIV-infected patients using combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) have an increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to identify the effects of HIV, ART, and lipodystrophy (LD) on carotid artery intima-media thickness (C-IMT), a surrogate measure of atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness, a marker of cardiovascular risk.

Design: Case-control study of 77 HIV-infected men (55 exposed to ART, 22 ART naive, and 23 with LD) and 52 controls.

Cutting edge: Rapid recovery of NKT cells upon institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection.

CD1d-restricted NKT cells play important regulatory roles in various immune responses and are rapidly and selectively depleted upon infection with HIV-1. The cause of this selective depletion is incompletely understood, although it is in part due to the high susceptibility of CD4+ NKT cells to direct infection and subsequent cell death by HIV-1. Here, we demonstrate that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in the rapid recovery of predominantly CD4(-) NKT cells with kinetics that are strikingly similar to those of mainstream T cells.