Unanswered Questions: Hereditary breast and gynecological cancer risk assessment in transgender adolescents and young adults.

Transgender (TG) individuals have higher rates of mortality associated with cancer diagnoses, in part due to avoidance of gender-assigned cancer screenings resulting in later stages at diagnosis. Knowledge about the risks of breast or gynecological cancer in TG and nonbinary (NB) persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy is limited. Even less information exists regarding the subset of individuals with genetic predisposition for these malignancies.

The impact of a musculoskeletal training program on residents' recognition and treatment of osteoporosis.

Background: Osteoporosis is inadequately treated in primary care settings. Under-recognition of the condition among male Veterans may contribute to this problem. In order to improve understanding of bone health in older male patients, we developed the "Musculoskeletal (MSK) Education Week", a multidisciplinary clinical training initiative within a primary care ambulatory rotation for internal medicine (IM) residents at the Salt Lake City VA Medical Center.

The Bone Health Team: A Team-Based Approach to Improving Osteoporosis Care for Primary Care Patients.

Background: Significant improvements in secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures have been noted with fracture liaison services. However, similar models for the primary prevention of such fractures have not been reported.

Objective: To determine the impact of a Bone Health Team (BHT) on osteoporosis screening and treatment rates in U.

"Mini-Residency" in Musculoskeletal Care: a National Continuing Professional Development Program for Primary Care Providers.

Introduction: A cost-effective professional development program enhancing musculoskeletal (MSK) skills of physicians and allied health providers working in primary care settings has been reported at a single site. This article describes the first 2 years of the national expansion and implementation of a 3-day "MSK Mini-residency."

Methods: Faculty from Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers worked in partnership with national program faculty from the Salt Lake City VA to present an intensive, integrated, multidisciplinary program to strengthen the skills of primary care providers in evaluating and managing MSK conditions common in primary care.

Effectiveness of an Interprofessional and Multidisciplinary Musculoskeletal Training Program.

Background: Musculoskeletal (MSK) problems are common, and a recent US Bone and Joint Initiative calls for new models of education and professional collaboration. Evidence of feasibility and acceptability of innovative methods are needed.

Objective: We assessed if an experimental immersion interdisciplinary MSK curriculum would be acceptable to residents from different specialties, be feasible within existing rotations, and be effective in strengthening clinical skills.

Mini-Residency in Musculoskeletal Care: An Interprofessional, Mixed-Methods Educational Initiative for Primary Care Providers.

Objective: A structured educational effort to train primary care providers (PCPs) to perform joint injections has been projected to be cost effective. The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is developing a national continuing professional development program to train PCPs in the evaluation and management of patients with common musculoskeletal conditions. The objective of this pilot project was to confirm initial projections of cost effectiveness and to inform further efforts to develop this program on a national scale.

Cost effectiveness of training rural providers to perform joint injections.

Objective: Community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) have been established by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to provide primary care services to veterans living in remote and rural regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of training rural primary care providers to perform knee injections in CBOCs, thereby avoiding referring the patient to an urban medical center for an injection by rheumatology or orthopedic specialists.

Methods: We developed a decision-analysis model to compare costs and outcomes between rural providers who are trained to perform knee injections versus those who are not trained, therefore requiring a referral to a specialist to provide the injections.

Nonmodulation as the mechanism for salt sensitivity of blood pressure in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Context: It is assumed that in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), blood pressure sensitivity to salt intake and the frequency of a low renin state are both increased compared with the nondiabetic population. However, studies supporting these assumptions may have been confounded by participant inclusion criteria, and study results may reflect target organ damage.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine in a cohort of T2DM 1) the frequency of salt sensitivity of blood pressure and 2) whether alterations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to salt sensitivity in this population.