Effect of furosemide on comprehensive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity of Thoroughbred horses.

Background: Furosemide, a commonly used diuretic, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in other species. Little is known about RAAS peptide activation in horses.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate equilibrium analysis as a practical method for RAAS quantification in horses and describe the RAAS response to a single dose of furosemide.

Characterization of the circulating markers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in telmisartan- or enalapril-treated dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease.

Background: Effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors enalapril and telmisartan on circulating RAAS in dogs with proteinuric chronic kidney disease (pCKD) are undescribed.

Objectives: To characterize the RAAS in untreated dogs with pCKD compared to healthy, life-stage- and sex-matched controls, and in dogs with pCKD after 30 days of treatment with enalapril or telmisartan.

Animals: Dogs with pCKD (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 20).

Case report: Chylopericardium secondary to dialysis catheter related jugular venous thrombosis in two dogs receiving long-term hemodialysis.

Chylopericardium is a rare entity in veterinary medicine. In this report we document the development of chylopericardium in two dogs undergoing chronic hemodialysis. An 11-year-old female spayed Labrador retriever (Case 1) presented with acute coughing and lethargy 2 months following initial dialysis catheter placement and initiation of dialysis therapy for severe azotemia.

Beyond Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Modulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System to Delay or Manage Congestive Heart Failure.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) consists of bioactive angiotensin peptides, enzymatic pathways, receptors, and the steroid hormone aldosterone. The RAAS regulates blood pressure, sodium, and electrolyte homeostasis and mediates pathologic disease processes. Within this system is an alternative arm that counterbalances the vasoconstrictive, sodium and water retentive, and pro-fibrotic and inflammatory effects of the classical arm.

The classical and alternative circulating renin-angiotensin system in normal dogs and dogs with stage B1 and B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease.

Background: The behavior of the comprehensive circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) before to the onset of congestive heart failure remains largely unexplored.

Hypothesis/objectives: The classical and alternative RAS activity and aldosterone concentrations will be significantly higher in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) stage B2 MMVD compared to normal dogs and dogs with ACVIM stage B1 MMVD.

Animals: One-hundred seventeen client-owned dogs (normal = 60; B1 = 31; B2 = 26).

Treatment of dogs with severe heartworm disease.

Fortunately, the majority of dogs diagnosed with heartworm infection are asymptomatic (or have only mild symptoms such as intermittent cough) and go through adulticide therapy without complication. Complications occurring with heartworm infection and during its treatment most often directly reflect the pulmonary vascular and parenchymal injury inflicted by Dirofilaria immitis. Clinical signs may include exercise intolerance, frequent cough, hemoptysis, tachypnea, and dyspnea.

Non-Arsenical heartworm adulticidal therapy using topical moxidectin-imidacloprid and doxycycline: A prospective case series.

This prospective case series evaluated the adulticidal efficacy of topical 10 % moxidectin/2.5 % imidacloprid (M/I; Advantage Multi®, Bayer, Shawnee Mission, KS, USA) and doxycycline in dogs with naturally occurring heartworm infection (HWI). Twenty-two dogs with HWI whose owners declined melarsomine were treated with M/I at the preventive dosage twice monthly for 90 days then monthly thereafter and doxycycline (median [interquartile range; IQR] dosage 12.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression.

Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) promotes and perpetuates the syndromes of congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Excessive circulating and tissue angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone levels lead to a pro-fibrotic, -inflammatory, and -hypertrophic milieu that causes remodeling and dysfunction in cardiovascular and renal tissues. Understanding of the role of the RAAS in this abnormal pathologic remodeling has grown over the past few decades and numerous medical therapies aimed at suppressing the RAAS have been developed.

Evaluation of subacute change in RAAS activity (as indicated by urinary aldosterone:creatinine, after pharmacologic provocation) and the response to ACE inhibition.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate subacute changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy in dogs with experimental RAAS activation.

Methods: Analysis of data (urine aldosterone:creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity), in 31 healthy dogs with furosemide or amlodipine-activated RAAS that received an ACEI. When furosemide or amlodipine activation of RAAS preceded ACEI administration, incomplete RAAS blockade (IRB) was defined as a UAldo:C greater than (a) the dog's 'activated' baseline value or (b) a population-derived cut-off value (mean + 2 SD (>1.

Effects of high doses of enalapril and benazepril on the pharmacologically activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs.

Objective: To determine whether high doses of enalapril and benazepril would be more effective than standard doses of these drugs in suppressing the furosemide-activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Animals: 6 healthy Beagles.

Procedures: 2 experiments were conducted; each lasted 10 days, separated by a 2-week washout period.

Case-control study of the effects of pimobendan on survival time in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.

Objective: To assess survival time and adverse events related to the administration of pimobendan to cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

Design: Retrospective case-control study.

Animals: 27 cats receiving treatment with pimobendan and 27 cats receiving treatment without pimobendan.

Primary cardiac spindle cell tumor in a dog.

An adult Labrador retriever dog was presented with respiratory signs and heart murmur. Echocardiography and thoracic radiographs revealed a heart base mass infiltrating the left atrial wall. Microscopically, neoplastic tissues consisted of spindle cells and abundant extracellular matrix.

Effect of furosemide and high-dosage pimobendan administration on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs.

Objective: To determine whether a high dosage of pimobendan, when administered concurrently with moderate-dosage furosemide to healthy dogs, would activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) more than furosemide alone.

Animals: 12 healthy dogs.

Procedures: 6 dogs received furosemide (2.

Successful treatment of pacemaker-induced stricture and thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in two dogs by use of anticoagulants and balloon venoplasty.

Case Description: 2 castrated male Labrador Retrievers (dogs 1 and 2) were evaluated 3 to 4 years after placement of a permanent pacemaker. Dog 1 was evaluated because of a large volume of chylous pleural effusion. Dog 2 was admitted for elective replacement of a pacemaker.