Mortality among people who inject drugs - the interwoven roles of fentanyl and HIV: a community-based cohort study.

Background: Excess all-cause mortality is a key indicator for assessing direct and indirect consequences of injection drug use and data are warranted to delineate sub-populations within people who inject drugs at higher risk of death. Our aim was to examine mortality and factors associated with mortality among people who inject drugs in Estonia.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from people who inject drugs recruited in the community with linkage to death records.

The fentanyl epidemic in Estonia: factors in its evolution and opportunities for a comprehensive public health response, a scoping review.

Background: The spread of illicitly manufactured fentanyl has the potential to greatly increase the fatal overdoses in many places in the world. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of fentanyl use epidemic in Estonia.

Methods: this scoping review is based on extensive review and synthesis of broad range of literature: research reports, newspaper, magazine, coverage of illicit fentanyl use; policy documents, position papers, reports released by government agencies, and surveillance data.