Long-term enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry patients protects against oxidative and inflammatory process.

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder, characterized by a deficiency of α-galactosidase, which causes the progressive accumulation of glycosphingolipids, especially globotriaosylsphingosine (Gb3), in lysosomes across multiple organs. Substrate deposition, associated with tissue damage in FD, also contributes to the emergence of a pro-inflammatory state presented by some patients. We investigated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of inflammation-associated genes in treated FD patients, as well as oxidative parameters.

Increased peripheral of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in phenylketonuric patients treated with l-carnitine.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most common inherited metabolic disorders caused by severe deficiency or absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity that converts phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. PKU patients were treated with a Phe restricted diet supplemented with a special formula containing l-carnitine (L-car), well-known antioxidant compound. The lack of treatment can cause neurological and cognitive impairment, as severe mental retardation, neuronal cell loss and synaptic density reduction.

Treatment of maple syrup urine disease: Benefits, risks, and challenges of liver transplantation.

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is caused by a deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex, promoting the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, as well as their respective α-keto acids. MSUD is an autosomal recessive hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by ketoacidosis, ataxia, coma, and mental and psychomotor retardation. The mechanisms involved in the brain damage caused by MSUD are not fully understood.

Increased cytokine levels induced by high phenylalanine concentrations in late diagnosis PKU patients compared to early diagnosis: Anti-inflammatory effect of L-carnitine.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first genetic disease to have an effective therapy, which consists of phenylalanine intake restriction. However, there are patients who do not adhere to treatment and/or are not submitted to neonatal screening. PKU patients present L-carnitine (L-car) deficiency, compound that has demonstrated an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role in metabolic diseases.

Evaluation of biochemical profile and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in patients with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency.

Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LALD) is an inborn error of metabolism that lacks satisfactory treatment, which leads to the development of severe hepatic and cardiac complications and may even lead to death. In this sense, knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of this disorder becomes essential to allow the search for new therapeutic strategies. There are no studies in the literature investigating the role of reactive species and inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of this disorder.

Hyperammonemia in Inherited Metabolic Diseases.

Ammonia is a neurotoxic compound which is detoxified through liver enzymes from urea cycle. Several inherited or acquired conditions can elevate ammonia concentrations in blood, causing severe damage to the central nervous system due to the toxic effects exerted by ammonia on the astrocytes. Therefore, hyperammonemic patients present potentially life-threatening neuropsychiatric symptoms, whose severity is related with the hyperammonemia magnitude and duration, as well as the brain maturation stage.

Characterization of macrophage phenotype, redox, and purinergic response upon chronic treatment with methionine and methionine sulfoxide in mice.

Hypermethioninemia is a disorder characterized by high plasma levels of methionine (Met) and its metabolites such as methionine sulfoxide (MetO). Studies have reported associated inflammatory complications, but the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of hypermethioninemia are still uncertain. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of Met and/or MetO on phenotypic characteristics of macrophages, in addition to oxidative stress, purinergic system, and inflammatory mediators in macrophages.

l-Carnitine prevents oxidative stress in striatum of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice submitted to lysine overload.

The deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase leads to predominant accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) in the organism and is known as glutaric acidemia type I (GA1). Despite the mechanisms of brain damage involved in GA1 are not fully understood, oxidative stress may be involved in this process. Treatment is based on protein/lysine (Lys) restriction and l-carnitine (L-car) supplementation.

Screening for organic acidurias and aminoacidopathies in high-risk Brazilian patients: Eleven-year experience of a reference center.

Organic acidurias and aminoacidopathies are groups of frequent inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs), which are caused by mutations in specific genes that lead to loss of protein/enzyme or transport function with important deleterious effects to cell metabolism. Since a considerable number of such disorders are potentially treatable when diagnosed at an early stage of life, diagnosis is crucial for the patients. In the present report, we describe symptomatic individuals referred to our service that were diagnosed with these disorders from 2006 to 2016.

Oxidative Imbalance, Nitrative Stress, and Inflammation in C6 Glial Cells Exposed to Hexacosanoic Acid: Protective Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, Trolox, and Rosuvastatin.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by disfunction of the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal protein responsible for the transport of the very long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the peroxisome, to undergo β-oxidation. The mainly accumulated saturated fatty acids are hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) and tetracosanoic acid (C24:0) in tissues and body fluids. This peroxisomal disorder occurs in at least 1 out of 20,000 births.

Selective Screening of Fatty Acids Oxidation Defects and Organic Acidemias by Liquid Chromatography/tandem Mass Spectrometry Acylcarnitine Analysis in Brazilian Patients.

Background: Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are diseases which can lead to accumulation of toxic metabolites in the organism.

Aim Of The Study: To investigate, by selective screening, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) and organic acidemias in Brazilian individuals with clinical suspicion of IEM.

Methods: A total of 7,268 individuals, from different regions of Brazil, had whole blood samples impregnated on filter paper which were submitted to the acylcarnitines analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) at the Medical Genetics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, during July 2008-July 2016.

Investigation of correlation of urinary globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) levels with markers of renal function in patients with Fabry disease.

Fabry disease (FD) is a disorder that results from mutations of hydrolase α-galactosidase A. The enzymatic defect leads to accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in the kidney. Substrate deposition is related to tissue damage in FD, but the relation of urinary Gb3 levels in patients and the renal function markers remain not completely understood.

Inflammatory profile in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients: Understanding disease progression.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disease characterized by progressive inflammatory demyelization in the brain, adrenal insufficiency, and an abnormal accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissue and body fluids. Considering that inflammation might be involved in pathophysiology of X-ALD, we aimed to investigate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma from three different male phenotypes (CCER, AMN, and asymptomatic individuals). Our results showed that asymptomatic patients presented increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and TNF-α and the last one was also higher in AMN phenotype.

Oxidative profile exhibited by Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA patients at diagnosis: Increased keratan urinary levels.

Morquio A disease (Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA, MPS IVA) is one of the 11 mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), a heterogeneous group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by deficiency in enzymes need to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Morquio A is characterized by a decrease in -acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase activity and subsequent accumulation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in cells and body fluids. As the pathophysiology of this LSD is not completely understood and considering the previous results of our group concerning oxidative stress in Morquio A patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress parameters in Morquio A patients at diagnosis.

Oxidative Stress in Homocystinuria Due to Cystathionine ß-Synthase Deficiency: Findings in Patients and in Animal Models.

Homocystinuria is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism caused by deficiency of cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) activity, biochemically characterized by homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine (Met) accumulation in biological fluids and high urinary excretion of homocystine. Clinical manifestations include thinning and lengthening of long bones, osteoporosis, dislocation of the ocular lens, thromboembolism, and mental retardation. Although the pathophysiology of this disease is poorly known, the present review summarizes the available experimental findings obtained from patients and animal models indicating that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of homocystinuria.

Biomolecules damage and redox status abnormalities in Fabry patients before and during enzyme replacement therapy.

Fabry disease (FD) is caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. Its substrates, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), accumulate and seem to induce other pathophysiological findings of FD. Once enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is not completely efficient on preventing disease progress in FD patients, elucidating the underlying mechanisms in FD pathophysiology is essential to the development of additional therapeutic strategies.

Urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and plasmatic inflammatory profile in phenylketonuric treated patients.

Oxidative stress has been proposed as an important pathophysiologic feature of various inborn errors of metabolism, including phenylketonuria (PKU). Considering that there are few studies relating oxidative stress and inflammation directly in PKU disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate oxidative damage to biomolecules, antioxidant defenses, pro-inflammatory cytokines, phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolites (phenyllactic acid--PLA and phenylacetic acid--PAA) levels in urine and plasma from patients with PKU under dietary treatment. We observed a marked increase of isoprostanes, which is a lipid peroxidation biomarker, in urine from these treated patients.

Oxidative Stress in Patients with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most frequent peroxisomal disorder that is characterized by progressive demyelination of the white matter, adrenal insufficiency, and accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in body fluid and tissues. This disorder is clinically heterogeneous with seven different phenotypes in male patients and five phenotypes in female carriers. An ultimate treatment for X-ALD is not available.

DNA damage in Fabry patients: An investigation of oxidative damage and repair.

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder associated with loss of activity of the enzyme α-galactosidase A. In addition to accumulation of α-galactosidase A substrates, other mechanisms may be involved in FD pathophysiology, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Higher levels of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in Fabry patients were previously reported.

Protective effect of antioxidants on DNA damage in leukocytes from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients.

Toxic metabolites accumulation and oxidative stress have been associated to the pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inborn error of peroxisome metabolism. Parameters of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in X-ALD patients were already described in literature; however, DNA injuries were not studied yet. Considering that, the aims were to investigate DNA damage by comet assay in heterozygotes and symptomatic X-ALD patients, to look for associations between DNA damage and lipid peroxidation as measured by urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane; and to evaluate the in vitro effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), trolox (TRO) and rosuvastatin (RSV) on DNA damage in leukocytes from symptomatic patients.

Oxidative stress and inflammation in mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA patients treated with enzyme replacement therapy.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is an inborn error of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism due to the deficient activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase that leads to accumulation of the keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in body fluids and in lysosomes. The pathophysiology of this lysosomal storage disorder is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine and GAG levels in MPS IVA patients.

Protective effect of L-carnitine on Phenylalanine-induced DNA damage.

The pathogenesis and the progression of phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn error of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism, have been associated with oxidative damage. Moreover, it has been increasingly postulated the antioxidant properties of L-Carnitine (LC). The aim of this study was to verify the effect of LC on Phe-induced DNA damage.

Homocysteine contribution to DNA damage in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient patients.

High blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are found in patients affected by homocystinuria, a genetic disorder caused by deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activity, as well as in nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12 or folate) and in abnormal renal function. We previously demonstrated that lipid and protein oxidative damage is increased and the antioxidant defenses diminished in plasma of CBS-deficient patients, indicating that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of this disease. In the present work, we extended these investigations by evaluating DNA damage through the comet assay in peripheral leukocytes from CBS-deficient patients, as well as by analyzing of the in vitro effect of Hcy on DNA damage in white blood cells.