The Effects of Cancer Immunotherapy on Fertility: Focus on Hematological Malignancies.

In recent years, cancer management has benefitted from new effective treatments, including immunotherapy. While these therapies improve cancer survival rates, they can alter immune responses and cause long-term side effects, of which gonadotoxic effects and the potential impact on male and female fertility are growing concerns. Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies, and CAR-T, can lead to elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and immune-related adverse events that may exacerbate fertility problems.

RIAIT (Italian Registry of Allergen Immunotherapy): Protocol for a New Tool in a New Vision of Disease-Modifying Therapy for Allergists.

Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated responses to clinical parameters, but a significant proportion of allergy patients in real-life settings would have been excluded from such studies. Therefore, real-world research is needed, and there is a growing body of information on allergen immunotherapy's long-term effectiveness and safety. Real-world evidence can be a valuable instrument to better understand the patient's journey and the effectiveness and safety of therapies.

Sublingually administered bacterial lysates: rationale, mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes.

This review discusses available evidence on the mechanisms of action of bacterial lysates, and the clinical effects of their sublingual administration. Bacterial lysates act through many immunological effects, including dendritic cell activation, modification of circulating lymphocyte subsets and antibody production. The production of salivary IgA was repeatedly shown to be induced by the sublingual administration of a prototype bacterial lysate containing soluble and corpuscular antigens.

Malondialdehyde as a Potential Oxidative Stress Marker for Allergy-Oriented Diseases: An Update.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a compound that is derived from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been used as a biomarker to measure oxidative stress in various biological samples in patients who are affected by a wide range of diseases. The aim of our work is to provide an updated overview of the role of MDA as a marker of oxidative stress in allergy-related diseases.

The Emerging Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) and Alarmins in Celiac Disease: An Update on Pathophysiological Insights, Potential Use as Disease Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Implications.

Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal disease that develops in genetically predisposed individuals and is triggered by the ingestion of gluten. CD was considered a Th1-disease. Today, the role of Th17, IL-21, and IL-17A lymphocytes is well known.

MR1 deficiency enhances IL-17-mediated allergic contact dermatitis.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecules present antigens to subsets of T cells primarily involved in host defense against pathogenic microbes and influence the development of immune-mediated diseases. The MHC class Ib molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) functions as a platform to select MR1-restricted T cells, including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the thymus, and presents ligands to them in the periphery. MAIT cells constitute an innate-like T-cell subset that recognizes microbial vitamin B metabolites and plays a defensive role against microbes.

Is there a rationale for supplementing with vitamin D patients under treatment with allergen immunotherapy?

Vitamin D (VD) has been shown to exert immunomodulatory activities, especially in promoting immune tolerance. For these properties VD has been proposed in the therapy of immunological conditions in which the loss of tolerance is the key pathogenetic aspect of the disease, such as allergies. Despite these properties available literature suggests VD is not useful in treating or preventing allergic diseases and whether low serum VD levels favor allergic sensitization and severity is debated.

Electrochemical Biosensors in the Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Leukemias.

Until now, morphological assessment with an optical or electronic microscope, fluorescence in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, flow cytometry, polymerase chain reactions, and immunohistochemistry have been employed for leukemia identification. Nevertheless, despite their numerous different vantages, it is difficult to recognize leukemic cells correctly. Recently, the electrochemical evaluation with a nano-sensing interface seems an attractive alternative.

Real-Life Effectiveness of Subcutaneous Immune Therapy with Carbamylated Monomeric Allergoids on Mite, Grass, and Pellitory Respiratory Allergy: A Retrospective Study.

Background: real-life studies are encouraged to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of allergen immunotherapy (AIT). In this context, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and safety of carbamylated monomeric allergoid subcutaneous immunotherapy (MA-SCIT), along with patient satisfaction. Methods: a total of 291 patients with rhinoconjunctivitis with or without asthma with inhalant (house dust mite, grass, and pellitory) allergies were enrolled in this study.

Cold Atmospheric Plasma Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Potentials and Problems of Clinical Translation.

Cold atmospheric plasma is an ionized gas produced near room temperature; it generates reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species and induces physical changes, including ultraviolet, radiation, thermal, and electromagnetic effects. Several studies showed that cold atmospheric plasma could effectively provoke death in a huge amount of cell types, including neoplastic cells, via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. This technique seems able to destroy tumor cells by disturbing their more susceptible redox equilibrium with respect to normal cells, but it is also able to cause immunogenic cell death by enhancing the immune response, to decrease angiogenesis, and to provoke genetic and epigenetics mutations.

Histological and Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metals in Kidney and Gills of : Melanomacrophages Centers and Rodlet Cells as Environmental Biomarkers.

Industrialization has resulted in a massive increase in garbage output, which is frequently discharged or stored in waterways like rivers and seas. Due to their toxicity, durability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification, heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, and lead) have been identified as strong biological poisons. Their presence in the aquatic environment has the potential to affect water quality parameters and aquatic life in general.

Effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and associated comorbidities: a multicentric prospective study in real life.

Background: Biologics are currently one of the main treatment options for a number of diseases. The IgG4 monoclonal antibody dupilumab targets the Interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain, thus preventing the biological effects of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, that are essential for the Th2 response. Several controlled trials showed that dupilumab is effective and safe in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), thus resulting in approval by regulatory agencies.

AllergoOncology: Role of immune cells and immune proteins.

Background: Immune cells and immune proteins play a pivotal role in host responses to pathogens, allergens and cancer. Understanding the crosstalk between allergic response and cancer, immune surveillance, immunomodulation, role of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated functions and help to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Allergy and oncology show two opposite scenarios: whereas immune tolerance is desired in allergy, it is detrimental in cancer.

Modulation of Cellular Redox Parameters for Improving Therapeutic Responses in Multiple Myeloma.

Raised oxidative stress and abnormal redox status are typical features of multiple myeloma cells, and the identification of the intimate mechanisms that regulate the relationships between neoplastic cells and redox homeostasis may reveal possible new anti-myeloma therapeutic targets to increase the effectiveness of anti-myeloma drugs synergistically or to eradicate drug-resistant clones while reducing toxicity toward normal cells. An alteration of the oxidative state is not only responsible for the onset of multiple myeloma and its progression, but it also appears essential for the therapeutic response and for developing any chemoresistance. Our review aimed to evaluate the literature's current data on the effects of oxidative stress on the response to drugs generally employed in the therapy of multiple myeloma, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and autologous transplantation.

Fast and non-destructive neutron activation analysis for simultaneous determination of TiO and SiO in sunscreens with attention to regulatory and research issues.

A new instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the simultaneous determination of titanium (TiO) and silica (SiO) dioxide as UV-filters in sunscreens is described. Samples are encapsulated, neutron irradiated (30 s) and after a suitable decay (3 min), the induced Ti (T = 5.76 min) and Al (T = 6.

Exposure to nanoparticles and occupational allergy.

Purpose Of Review: To provide an update on the possible role of nanoparticles as sensitizing occupational agents and on the influence of nanoparticles-exposure on the appearance/exacerbation of occupational allergy.

Recent Findings: Recent case reports, epidemiological studies, and experimental investigations in cellular and animal models demonstrated the potential for nanomaterials to favor/interfere with occupational allergy. First data are emerging on the sensitizing potential of nanoparticles that can act as haptens linking to proteins, with a formation of a 'corona'.

Specialized Intercellular Communications via Tunnelling Nanotubes in Acute and Chronic Leukemia.

Effectual cell-to-cell communication is essential to the development and differentiation of organisms, the preservation of tissue tasks, and the synchronization of their different physiological actions, but also to the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are membrane-enclosed tubular connections between cells that carry a multiplicity of cellular loads, such as exosomes, non-coding RNAs, mitochondria, and proteins, and they have been identified as the main participants in healthy and tumoral cell communication. TNTs have been described in numerous tumors in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models favoring the onset and progression of tumors.

Nanomedicine for Immunotherapy Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Current Approaches and Perspective.

Conventional chemotherapy has partial therapeutic effects against hematological malignancies and is correlated with serious side effects and great risk of relapse. Recently, immunotherapeutic drugs have provided encouraging results in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Several immunotherapeutic antibodies and cell therapeutics are in dynamic development such as immune checkpoint blockades and CAR-T treatment.

Multiple Myeloma Cell-Derived Exosomes: Implications on Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disease that is still not curable. The bone marrow milieu, with cellular and non-cellular elements, participate in the creation of a pro-tumoral environment enhancing growth and survival of MM plasma cells. Exosomes are vesicles oscillating in dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm in size that can be released by various cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM.

Basophils and Mast Cells in COVID-19 Pathogenesis.

Basophils and mast cells are among the principal inducers of Th2 responses and have a crucial role in allergic and anti-parasitic protective immunity. Basophils can function as antigen-presenting cells that bind antigens on their surface and boost humoral immune responses, inducing Th2 cell differentiation. Their depletion results in lower humoral memory activation and greater infection susceptibility.

Alarmins, COVID-19 and comorbidities.

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19 disease, is representing a worldwide threat for the medical community and the society at large so that it is being defined as "the twenty-first-century disease". Often associated with a severe cytokine storm, leading to more severe cases, it is mandatory to block such occurrence early in the disease course, to prevent the patients from having more severe, sometimes fatal, outcomes. In this framework, early detection of "danger signals", possibly represented by alarmins, can represent one of the most promising strategies to effectively tailor the disease and to better understand the underlying mechanisms eventually leading to death or severe consequences.