Impaired olfactory performance and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of multiple sclerosis are associated with enhanced adenosine signaling in the olfactory bulb via AR, AR, and AR.

The present study shows that animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibit olfactory dysfunction and impaired general cognitive abilities, as well as anxiety-like behavior. Olfactory dysfunction occurs on average at 2 dpi, well before the onset of the first motor signs of EAE (8-10 dpi). After the initial olfactory dysfunction, the EAE animals show a fluctuation in olfactory performance that resembles the relapsing-remitting course of human MS.

Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Trimethyltin-Induced Cell Injury and Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes in the Hippocampus of Female Rats.

Exposure to the neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) selectively induces hippocampal neuronal injury and astrocyte activation accompanied with resultant neuroinflammation, which causes severe behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairment. A large body of evidence suggests that flaxseed oil (FSO), as one of the richest sources of essential omega-3 fatty acids, i.e.

Prolonged Zaleplon Treatment Increases the Expression of Proteins Involved in GABAergic and Glutamatergic Signaling in the Rat Hippocampus.

Zaleplon is a positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Previous publications on zaleplon have not addressed the proteins involved in its mechanism of action but have mostly referred to behavioral or pharmacological studies. Since both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling have been shown to regulate wakefulness and sleep, we examined the effects of prolonged zaleplon treatment (0.

Prolonged Alprazolam Treatment Alters Components of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats-The Neuroadaptive Changes following Long-Term Benzodiazepine (Mis)Use.

Alprazolam (ALP), a benzodiazepine (BDZ) used to treat anxiety, panic, and sleep disorders, is one of the most prescribed psychotropic drugs worldwide. The side effects associated with long-term (mis)use of ALP have become a major challenge in pharmacotherapy, emphasizing the unmet need to further investigate their underlying molecular mechanisms. Prolonged BDZ exposure may induce adaptive changes in the function of several receptors, including the primary target, gammaaminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAR), but also other neurotransmitter receptors such as glutamatergic.

Chronic oral d-galactose intake provokes age-related changes in the rat prefrontal cortex.

D-galactose (d-gal) is broadly used in animal aging studies as its chronic administration mimics learning and memory impairments related to aging in humans. However, within the few studies that utilize chronic oral d-gal intake, none of them is focused on alteration in synaptic structure and function. We examined the effects of 6-weeks oral d-gal intake (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, dissolved in tap water) on age-related changes, with emphasis on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of adult male Wistar rats.

Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Attenuates Neuroinflammation PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer's-Like Disease Model.

Neurodegeneration implies progressive neuronal loss and neuroinflammation further contributing to pathology progression. It is a feature of many neurological disorders, most common being Alzheimer's disease (AD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive stimulation which modulates excitability of stimulated brain areas through magnetic pulses.

Enzyme histochemistry: a useful tool for examining the spatial distribution of brain ectonucleotidases in (patho)physiological conditions.

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides and nucleosides, such as adenosine, are versatile signaling molecules involved in many physiological processes and pathological conditions in the nervous system, especially those with an inflammatory component. They can be released from nerve cells, glial cells, and vascular cells into the extracellular space where they exert their function via ionotropic (P2X) or metabotropic (P2Y) receptors. Signaling via extracellular nucleotides and adenosine is regulated by cell-surface located enzymes ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze the nucleotide to the respective nucleoside.