Correlation of the methylomic signature of smoking during pregnancy with clinical traits in ADHD.

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a replicated environmental risk factor for this disorder. It is also a robust modifier of gene methylation during the prenatal developmental period.

The orphan receptor GPR88 controls impulsivity and is a risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The neural orphan G protein coupled receptor GPR88 is predominant in the striatum and cortex of both rodents and humans, and considered a potential target for brain disorders. Previous studies have shown multiple behavioral phenotypes in Gpr88 knockout mice, and human genetic studies have reported association with psychosis. Here we tested the possibility that GPR88 contributes to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Facing the Methodological Challenge in Dissecting the Genetics of ADHD: A Case for Deep Phenotyping and Heterogeneity Reduction.

Objective: The aetiology of ADHD is complex, with genetic and environmental factors both implicated in the disorder. The most recent ADHD genome-wide association study identified 12 loci that showed significant association with the disorder. However, as highlighted by the authors, these loci "only capture a tiny fraction" of the risk for ADHD.

Dissecting genetic cross-talk between ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders: Evidence from behavioural, pharmacological and brain imaging investigations.

Several epidemiological and genetic studies have provided evidence of an overlap between neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the details of the etiological pathways remain to be elucidated. In this study, we garnered the findings of previous GWAS, conducted with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Differential association between the norepinephrine transporter gene and ADHD: role of sex and subtype.

Background: Pharmacologic and animal studies have strongly implicated the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a family-based study, with stratification based on sex and subtype, to test the association between 30 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the gene encoding NET (SLC6A2) and ADHD.

Methods: Family-based association tests were conducted with the categorical diagnosis of ADHD, as well as quantitative phenotypes of clinical relevance (Conners Global Index for Teachers and Parents, and Child Behavior Checklist measures).

Effectiveness of a therapeutic summer camp for children with ADHD: Phase I Clinical Intervention Trial.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 2-week therapeutic summer day camp for children with ADHD, which included a social skills training program and parent psychoeducation and training program. This was an open-label, nonrandomized Phase I Clinical Intervention Trial.

Method: Parents completed the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) and the Conners' Global Index-Parent Version (CGI-P), and children completed the Index of Peer Relations (IPR).

Physical activity experiences of boys with and without ADHD.

Physical activity experiences of 12 age-matched boys with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were explored by converging information from Test of Gross Motor Development-2 assessments and semistructured interviews. The knowledge-based approach and the inhibitory model of executive functions, a combined theoretical lens, enabled the description of similarities and differences in experiences that emerged during interviews. Skill assessments indicated boys with ADHD were not as proficient movers as their peers without ADHD.

Factor structure of the restricted academic situation scale: implications for ADHD.

Background: To study the factor structure of the Restricted Academic Situation Scale (RASS), a psychometric tool used to assess behavior in children with ADHD, 117 boys and 21 girls meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD and aged between 6 and 12 years were recruited. Assessments were carried out before and 65 min after the administration of either a placebo or 0.

Dopamine transporter 3'UTR VNTR genotype is a marker of performance on executive function tasks in children with ADHD.

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder from both clinical and pathogenic viewpoints. Executive function deficits are considered among the most important pathogenic pathways leading to ADHD and may index part of the heterogeneity in this disorder.

Methods: To investigate the relationship between the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) 3'-UTR VNTR genotypes and executive function in children with ADHD, 196 children diagnosed with ADHD were sequentially recruited, genotyped, and tested using a battery of three neuropsychological tests aimed at assessing the different aspects of executive functioning.

Relation of maternal stress during pregnancy to symptom severity and response to treatment in children with ADHD.

Objective: There is considerable evidence that maternal stress is associated with behavioural disturbances in offspring. The objective of this study was to examine whether there is an association between the severity of maternal stress during pregnancy and the severity of symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A second objective was to examine whether there is an association between maternal stress and children's response to methylphenidate (MPH).

Fundamental movement skills and children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: peer comparisons and stimulant effects.

The purpose of this study was to compare the fundamental movement skills of 22 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), from 6 to 12 years of age, to gender- and age-matched peers without ADHD and assess the effects of stimulant medication on the movement skill performance of the children with ADHD. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant skill differences between children with and without ADHD (p View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Efficacy of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: a randomized crossover trial.

Objective: To determine whether children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities respond differently to methylphenidate (MPH) compared with children with ADHD only.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 2-week crossover trial of MPH, during which response to MPH was assessed. Learning ability was appraised using the Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised (WRAT-R), for English-speaking students and the Test de rendement pour francophones for French-speaking students.

Relationship between response to methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD and psychopathology in their families.

Objective: To compare the pattern of familial aggregation of psychopathology in children who are good responders (GR) to methylphenidate (MPH) versus those who are poor responders (PR).

Method: A total of 118 clinically referred children ages 6 to 12 years, diagnosed with ADHD participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized 2-week crossover trial of MPH from 1999 to 2004. A low dose of 0.

Perinatal complications in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings.

Objectives: Genetic and nonshared environmental factors (experienced by 1 family member to the exclusion of the others) have been strongly implicated in the causes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Pregnancy, labour/delivery and neonatal complications (PLDNC) have often been associated with ADHD; however, no investigations aimed at delineating the shared or nonshared nature of these factors have been reported. We aimed to identify those elements of the PLDNC that are more likely to be of a nonshared nature.