Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly rats dependent on NLRP3 activation.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a complication following procedures such as orthopedic surgery, is associated with a worsened prognosis, especially in the elderly population. Several mechanisms have been proposed for communication between the immune system and the brain after surgery. In an experimental tibial fracture (TF) model, we aimed to understand the role of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as mechanisms underlying POCD in aged and adult rats.

Amelioration of Neurochemical Alteration and Memory and Depressive Behavior in Sepsis by Allopurinol, a Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor.

Background: In response to inflammation and other stressors, tryptophan is catalyzed by Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO), which leads to activation of the kynurenine pathway. Sepsis is a serious condition in which the body responds improperly to an infection, and the brain is the inflammation target in this condition.

Objective: This study aimed to determine if the induction of TDO contributes to the permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), mortality, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, besides long-term behavioral alterations in a preclinical model of sepsis.

Nutritional strategies cause memory damage and alter biochemical parameters without causing neuroinflammation.

Obesity results from an energy imbalance and has been considered an epidemic due to its increasing rates worldwide. It is classified as a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease and has associated comorbidities. Different nutritional strategies are used for the purpose of weight loss, highlighting low-carbohydrate (LC) diets, ketogenic diets, and intermittent fasting (IF).

Implications of the endocannabinoid system and the therapeutic action of cannabinoids in autism spectrum disorder: A literature review.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, onset in early childhood and associated with cognitive, social, behavioral, and sensory impairments. The pathophysiology is still unclear, and it is believed that genetic and environmental factors are fully capable of influencing ASD, especially cell signaling and microglial functions. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the modulation of various brain processes and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this condition.

Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects of ayahuasca in rats subjected to LPS-induced neuroinflammation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral response of ayahuasca in rats submitted to neuroinflammation through the intraperitoneal application of lipopolysaccharide (0.63 mg/kg/mL). Eighty animals, male, about 90 days old, were divided into control and LPS groups and later into prevention and treatment subgroups.

Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Indigenous Populations in Brazil.

Background: Due to social and geographical isolation, indigenous people are more vulnerable to adverse conditions; however, there is a lack of data on the epidemics' impact on these populations. Thus, this article's objective was to describe the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in indigenous communities in Brazil.

Methods: This descriptive observational study was carried out in indigenous communities in the municipality of Amaturá (Amazonas, Brazil).

Anti-inflammatory activity of ayahuasca: therapeutical implications in neurological and psychiatric diseases.

Ayahuasca is a decoction with psychoactive properties, used for millennia for therapeutic and religious purposes by indigenous groups and the population of amazonian countries. As described in this narrative review, it is essentially constituted by β-carbolines and tryptamines, and it has therapeutic effects on behavioral disorders due to the inhibition of the monoamine oxidase enzyme and the activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, demonstrated through preclinical and clinical studies. It was recently observed that the pharmacological response presented by ayahuasca is linked to its anti-inflammatory action, attributed mainly to dimethyltryptamines (N, N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine), which act as endogenous systemic regulators of inflammation and immune homeostasis, also through sigma-1 receptors.

Nanoemulsion composed of 10-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)decan-1-ol), a synthetic analog of 3-alkylpiridine marine alkaloid: development, characterization, and antimalarial activity.

Malaria treatment is based on a reduced number of antimalarial drugs, and drug resistance has emerged, leading to the search for new antimalarial drugs incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, 10-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)decan-1-ol) (thiazoline), a synthetic analog of 3-alkylpiridine marine alkaloid, and a potent antimalarial substance, was incorporated into O/W nanoemulsion. This formulation was prepared by a 2 factorial design.

Improvement of antimalarial activity of a 3-alkylpiridine alkaloid analog by replacing the pyridine ring to a thiazole-containing heterocycle: Mode of action, mutagenicity profile, and Caco-2 cell-based permeability.

The development of new antimalarial drugs is urgent to overcome the spread of resistance to the current treatment. Herein we synthesized the compound 3, a hit-to‑lead optimization of a thiazole based on the most promising 3-alkylpyridine marine alkaloid analog. Compound 3 was tested against Plasmodium falciparum and has shown to be more potent than its precursor (IC values of 1.