Human vs machine towards neonatal pain assessment: A comprehensive analysis of the facial features extracted by health professionals, parents, and convolutional neural networks.

Neonates are not able to verbally communicate pain, hindering the correct identification of this phenomenon. Several clinical scales have been proposed to assess pain, mainly using the facial features of the neonate, but a better comprehension of these features is yet required, since several related works have shown the subjectivity of these scales. Meanwhile, computational methods have been implemented to automate neonatal pain assessment and, although performing accurately, these methods still lack the interpretability of the corresponding decision-making processes.

Pediatricians' focus of sight at pain assessment during a neonatal heel puncture.

Objective: To evaluate the focus of pediatricians' gaze during the heel prick of neonates.

Methods: Prospective study in which pediatricians wearing eye tracker glasses evaluated neonatal pain before/after a heel prtick. Pediatricians scored the pain they perceived in the neonate in a verbal analogue numerical scale (0=no pain; 10=maximum pain).

Comparative analysis of pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term at 6-9 years of age.

Objective: To compare pulmonary function parameters and the prevalence of altered pulmonary function in children born preterm and full-term, using the Global Lung Initiative reference values.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 6-9-year-old children submitted to measurement of airway resistance (Rint) and spirometry according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. The inclusion criteria were, among the preterm group: gestational age <37 weeks and birth weight <2000g; among the full-term group: schoolchildren born full-term with birth weight >2500g, recruited at two public schools in São Paulo, Brazil, matched by sex and age with the preterm group.

Growth phenotypes of very low birth weight infants for prediction of neonatal outcomes from a Brazilian cohort: comparison with INTERGROWTH.

Objective: To assess the predictive value of selected growth phenotypes for neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants < 30 weeks and to compare them with INTERGROWTH-21 (IG21).

Method: Retrospective analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) database for very low birth weight (VLBW) at 20 public tertiary-care university hospitals.

Outcome: the composite neonatal morbidity and mortality (CNMM) consisted of in-hospital death, oxygen use at 36 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, and Bell stage 2 or 3 necrotizing enterocolitis.

Looking at neonatal facial features of pain: do health and non-health professionals differ?

Objective: To analyze the regions that trigger the attention of adults' gaze when assessing pain in newborn infants' pictures and to verify if there are differences between health and non-health professionals.

Method: Experimental study with 84 health professionals and 59 non-health professionals, who evaluated two images of 10 neonates, one at rest and the other during a painful procedure. Each image was shown for 7 seconds on a computer screen, while eye movements were tracked by the Tobii TX300 EyeTracker.

Identification of pain in neonates: the adults' visual perception of neonatal facial features.

Objective: To verify the visual attention of adults when assessing neonatal pain.

Study Design: 143 adults (59% health professionals) evaluated 20 pictures (2 pictures of 10 neonates' faces: at rest; during a painful procedure). Tobii-TX300 tracked the participants' eyes movement.

What Facial Features Does the Pediatrician Look to Decide That a Newborn Is Feeling Pain?

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the gaze fixation of pediatricians during the decision process regarding the presence/absence of pain in pictures of newborn infants.

Study Design: Experimental study, involving 38 pediatricians (92% females, 34.6 ± 9.

Aerobic Capacity of Preterm Children with Very Low Birth Weight at School Age and its Associated Factors.

Introduction: Respiratory morbidities of preterm infants can cause significant ventilatory impairment thus compromising the aerobic capacity in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the aerobic capacity in school age preterm children with VLBW and its associated factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among preterm born with VLBW and term children, both aged 6-9 years.

Neurobehavior of preterm infants from 32 to 48 weeks post-menstrual age.

Aim: Evaluate prospectively the neurobehavior of preterm infants (PT).

Study Design: Cohort of PT (gestational age(GA) <32weeks), evaluated biweekly from 32 to 48 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA) by NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). Scores were compared by repeated Measures ANOVA.

Preterm infants with peri/intraventricular hemorrhage have poorer habituation responses to external stimuli.

Objective: To evaluate the association between intra-ventricular hemorrhage and habituation responses to external stimuli in preterm infants at 36-38 weeks post-conceptual age.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of infants with gestational age <32 weeks. Intra-ventricular hemorrhage was identified by cranial ultrasonography and classified according to Papile et al.

Kangaroo-mother care method and neurobehavior of preterm infants.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of kangaroo-mother care (KMC) in preterm (PT) neurobehavior between 36 and 41 weeks post-conceptual age (PCA).

Method: A prospective cohort of 61 preterm infants with gestational age (GA) of 28-32 w evaluated by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), with 36-41 w PCA. Infants with clinical instability were excluded.

Habituation responses to external stimuli: is the habituation of preterm infants at a postconceptual age of 40 weeks equal to that of term infants?

Objective: Compare the habituation responses to external stimuli between preterm infants at the postconceptual age of 40 weeks and term infants in the first days of life, and evaluate the habituation responses of the preterm infants until the age of 40 postconceptual weeks.

Methods: Prospective cohort study of preterm infants aged <32 weeks. The habituation responses to light, rattle, bell and tactile stimuli of preterm infants were assessed at 32, 34, 36 and 38-40 postconceptual weeks.

Depression during gestation in adolescent mothers interferes with neonatal neurobehavior.

Objective: To compare the neurobehavior of neonates born to adolescent mothers with and without depression during gestation.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included healthy term neonates born to adolescent mothers with untreated depression during gestation, without exposure to legal or illicit drugs, and compared them with infants born to adolescent mothers without psychiatric disorders. Maternal psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.

Functional capacity during exercise in very-low-birth-weight premature children.

Objectives: The functional capacity of children born prematurely with very-low-birth weight was compared with that of children born at full-term using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and the ten-minutes shuttle walk test (10MSWT). The factors affecting walking distance were analyzed.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with two groups of children aged 6-9 years, matched by sex and age.

Correlates of substance use during adolescent pregnancy in São Paulo, Brazil.

Objective: To investigate the association of cocaine and marijuana use during adolescent pregnancy in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, with psychiatric disorders, social status and sexual history.

Method: One thousand pregnant adolescents were assessed by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and sociodemographic and socio-economic questionnaire at the obstetric center of a public hospital in São Paulo. Hair samples were collected for analysis.

Neurobehavioral profile of healthy full-term newborn infants of adolescent mothers.

Background: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) is used to assess neurological integrity, behavioral function and the existence of stress and abstinence signs in newborn infants.

Aim: To determine the neurobehavioral profile of healthy term neonates of adolescent mothers.

Design: Cross-sectional study with prospective collection of data.

Exposure to marijuana during pregnancy alters neurobehavior in the early neonatal period.

Objective: To assess the neurobehavior of full-term neonates of adolescent mothers exposed to marijuana during pregnancy.

Study Design: This prospective cross-sectional study included full-term infants within 24 to 72 hours of life born to adolescent mothers at a single center in Brazil. Data on sociodemographic and obstetrical and neonatal characteristics were collected.

Prevalence of cocaine and marijuana use in the last trimester of adolescent pregnancy: socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of cocaine and marijuana use during the third trimester of pregnancy in a population of 1000 teenage women of a public hospital in São Paulo, Brazil using hair analysis in order to avoid underestimation of data that could happen by the use of self-report questionnaires and describe socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics of the drug users.

Results: Hair analysis has detected use of cocaine and/or marijuana in the third trimester of pregnancy in 6% of the patients: 4.0% used marijuana, 1.