Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The Honey Bee as a Social Animal Model.

Animal models have been essential for advancing research of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in humans, but few animal species effectively replicate the behavioural and clinical signs of FASD. The honey bee () is a previously unexplored research model for FASD that offers the distinct benefit of highly social behaviour. In this study, we chronically exposed honey bee larvae to incremental concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 10% ethanol in the larval diet using an in vitro rearing protocol and measured developmental time and survival to adult eclosion, as well as body weight and motor activity of newly emerged adult bees.

Fall Treatment with Fumagillin Contributes to an Overwinter Shift in Species Prevalence in Honey Bee Colonies in Western Canada.

(1) Background: Microsporidiosis (nosemosis) is an intestinal disorder of adult honey bees caused by the microsporidian pathogens and In Canada, fumagillin is an approved antibiotic used to treat this disease. However, the recommended dosage is based on efficacy studies for , the native pathogen in European honey bees. Since the detection of in , became more prevalent in managed European honey bees and seems to have replaced due to yet unknown reasons.

Oxytetracycline-resistant identified in commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan using pooled honey sampling.

American foulbrood (AFB) is an infectious disease of honey bee brood caused by the endospore-forming bacterium spores are resilient in the environment, thus colonies with clinical signs of AFB are often destroyed by burning to eradicate the causative agent. To prevent outbreaks of AFB, oxytetracycline metaphylaxis is widely used in North America, resulting in sustained selective pressure for oxytetracycline resistance in . To determine if antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is present among isolates from commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 718 samples cultured from pooled, extracted honey collected from 52 beekeepers over a 2-y period, 2019 and 2020.

Comparison of individual and pooled sampling methods for estimation of () spp. levels in experimentally infected honey bee colonies.

The microsporidian pathogens and are known to cause intestinal infection in honey bees and are associated with decreased colony productivity and colony loss. The widely accepted method for determining colony infection level for risk assessment and antibiotic treatment is based on spore counts of 60 pooled worker bees using light microscopy. Given that honey bee colonies consist of as many as 1,000 times more individuals, the number of bees collected for detection may significantly impact the estimated colony infection level, especially in the case of uneven distribution of high- and low-infected individuals within a hive.

Reproductive fitness of honey bee queens exposed to thiamethoxam during development.

The productivity and survival of honey bee () colonies depend on queen bee health. Colony-level neonicotinoid exposure has negative effects on reproductive fitness of honey bee queens. However, it is unclear if the observed effects are a direct outcome of neonicotinoid toxicity or result from suboptimal care of developing queens by exposed workers.

Differential diagnoses of acute ground-glass opacity in chest computed tomography: pictorial essay.

Ground-glass opacity is a very frequent and unspecified finding in chest computed tomography. Therefore, it admits a wide range of differential diagnoses in the acute context, from viral pneumonias such as influenza virus, coronavirus disease 2019 and cytomegalovirus and even non-infectious lesions, such as vaping, pulmonary infarction, alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary edema. For this diagnostic differentiation, ground glass must be correlated with other findings in imaging tests, with laboratory tests and with the patients' clinical condition.