The Effects of Nocturnal Hypoxemia on Cognitive Performance in Andean Highlanders.

Many Andean highlanders exposed to chronic hypoxemia are susceptible to excessive erythrocytosis (EE) and chronic mountain sickness (CMS). Nocturnal hypoxemia is more marked than diurnal hypoxemia and includes sustained and intermittent components. The potential for cognitive impairments related to nocturnal hypoxemia in this population has not been extensively studied, but improved understanding may provide opportunities for the prevention of long-term effects of EE and CMS.

DIFFUSION MODEL-BASED POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTION PREDICTION FOR KINETIC PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN DYNAMIC PET.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a valuable imaging method for studying molecular-level processes in the body, such as hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein aggregates, a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. P-tau density and cerebral perfusion can be quantified from PET data using tracer kinetic modeling techniques. However, noise in PET images leads to uncertainty in the estimated kinetic parameters.

Effects of List-Mode-Based Intraframe Motion Correction in Dynamic Brain PET Imaging.

Motion is unavoidable in dynamic [F]-MK6240 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, especially in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research requiring long scan duration. To understand how motion correction affects quantitative analysis, we investigated two approaches: II-MC, which corrects for both inter-frame and intra-frame motion, and IO-MC, which only corrects for inter-frame motion. These methods were applied to 83 scans from 34 subjects, and we calculated distribution volume ratios (DVR) using the multilinear reference tissue model with two parameters (MRTM2) in tau-rich brain regions.

Health Status of People Who Are and Are Not Experiencing Homelessness: Opportunities for Improvement.

This study assessed the physical and psychological health parameters of adults experiencing homelessness to inform the development and delivery of health services by comparing with a housed population in the same South Australian city. Adults experiencing homelessness, known to existing support services, were invited to participate in a comprehensive assessment of their physical and mental health using questionnaires and objective assessments. Descriptive analyses using the percentage of participants failing to attain recommended published thresholds and accumulated health deficits for 16 health assessments were compared for the young group of people experiencing homelessness (18-40 years), the middle aged and older people experiencing homelessness (40-75 years), and a housed population of the middle aged and older people (40-75 years).

PET mapping of receptor occupancy using joint direct parametric reconstruction.

Unlabelled: Receptor occupancy (RO) studies using PET neuroimaging play a critical role in the development of drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS). The conventional approach to estimate drug receptor occupancy consists in estimation of binding potential changes between two PET scans (baseline and post-drug injection). This estimation is typically performed separately for each scan by first reconstructing dynamic PET scan data before fitting a kinetic model to time activity curves.

Subject-aware PET Denoising with Contrastive Adversarial Domain Generalization.

Recent advances in deep learning (DL) have greatly improved the performance of positron emission tomography (PET) denoising performance. However, DL model performance can vary a lot across subjects, due to the large variability of the count levels and spatial distributions. A generalizable DL model that mitigates the subject-wise variations is highly expected toward a reliable and trustworthy system for clinical application.

Radiomics-driven personalized radiotherapy for primary and recurrent tumors: A general review with a focus on reirradiation.

Purpose: This review systematically investigates the role of radiomics in radiotherapy, with a particular emphasis on the use of quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes, assessing toxicity, and optimizing treatment planning. While the review encompasses various applications of radiomics in radiotherapy, it particularly highlights its potential for guiding reirradiation of recurrent cancers.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted based on a Medline search with the search engine PubMed using the keywords "radiomics or radiomic" and "radiotherapy or reirradiation".

Free-breathing 3D cardiac extracellular volume (ECV) mapping using a linear tangent space alignment (LTSA) model.

Purpose: To develop a new method for free-breathing 3D extracellular volume (ECV) mapping of the whole heart at 3 T.

Methods: A free-breathing 3D cardiac ECV mapping method was developed at 3 T. T mapping was performed before and after contrast agent injection using a free-breathing electrocardiogram-gated inversion recovery sequence with spoiled gradient echo readout.

Design Optimisation of a Flat-Panel, Limited-Angle TOF-PET Scanner: A Simulation Study.

In time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET), a coincidence time resolution (CTR) below 100 ps reduces the angular coverage requirements and, thus, the geometric constraints of the scanner design. Among other possibilities, this opens the possibility of using flat-panel PET detectors. Such a design would be more cost-accessible and compact and allow for a higher degree of modularity than a conventional ring scanner.

Free-breathing 3D cardiac extracellular volume (ECV) mapping using a linear tangent space alignment (LTSA) model.

$\textbf{Purpose:}$ To develop a new method for free-breathing 3D extracellular volume (ECV) mapping of the whole heart at 3T. $\textbf{Methods:}$ A free-breathing 3D cardiac ECV mapping method was developed at 3T. T1 mapping was performed before and after contrast agent injection using a free-breathing ECG-gated inversion-recovery sequence with spoiled gradient echo readout.

An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses Evaluating Associations between Human Health and Exposure to Major Classes of Plastic-Associated Chemicals.

Epidemiological research investigating the impact of exposure to plastics, and plastic-associated chemicals, on human health is critical, especially given exponentially increasing plastic production. In parallel with increasing production, academic research has also increased exponentially both in terms of the primary literature and ensuing systematic reviews with meta-analysis. However, there are few overviews that capture a broad range of chemical classes to present a state of play regarding impacts on human health.

Cardiovascular mortality in people with cancer compared to the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of non-cancer death in cancer survivors, but the risk of CVD varies between cancers.

Objectives: To synthesise available evidence on patterns and magnitude of CVD mortality risk.

Methods: A systematic search of Medline (OVID), CINAHL and Scopus databases from 01-January-2000 to 16-July-2023 of studies of people with cancer, reporting CVD mortality in cancer population compared with a reference population (e.

Bright light increases blood pressure and rate-pressure product after a single session of aerobic exercise in men.

This study aimed to test whether bright light (BL) exposure attenuates the reduction in blood pressure (BP) postexercise compared to dim light (DL). Twenty healthy men (27 ± 5 years) randomly underwent two experimental sessions: one under BL (5000 lux) and another under dim light (DL <8lux). In each session, subjects executed a bout of aerobic exercise (cycle ergometer, 30 min, moderate intensity).

Prophylactic treatment with the c-Abl inhibitor, neurotinib, diminishes neuronal damage and the convulsive state in pilocarpine-induced mice.

The molecular mechanisms underlying seizure generation remain elusive, yet they are crucial for developing effective treatments for epilepsy. The current study shows that inhibiting c-Abl tyrosine kinase prevents apoptosis, reduces dendritic spine loss, and maintains N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) phosphorylated in in vitro models of excitotoxicity. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice promotes c-Abl phosphorylation, and disrupting c-Abl activity leads to fewer seizures, increases latency toward SE, and improved animal survival.

Clinical effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation and barriers to completion in patients of low socioeconomic status in rural areas: A mixed-methods study.

Objective: To investigate cardiac rehabilitation utilisation and effectiveness, factors, needs and barriers associated with non-completion.

Design: We used the mixed-methods design with concurrent triangulation of a retrospective cohort and a qualitative study.

Setting: Economically disadvantaged areas in rural Australia.

Pathogenesis of sleep-disordered breathing in the setting of opioid use: a multiple mediation analysis using physiology.

Study Objectives: Opioid medications are commonly used and are known to impact both breathing and sleep and are linked with adverse health outcomes including death. Clinical data indicate that chronic opioid use causes central sleep apnea, and might also worsen obstructive sleep apnea. The mechanisms by which opioids influence sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) pathogenesis are not established.

Cross noise level PET denoising with continuous adversarial domain generalization.

Performing positron emission tomography (PET) denoising within the image space proves effective in reducing the variance in PET images. In recent years, deep learning has demonstrated superior denoising performance, but models trained on a specific noise level typically fail to generalize well on different noise levels, due to inherent distribution shifts between inputs. The distribution shift usually results in bias in the denoised images.

The role of F-FDG PET in minimizing variability in gross tumor volume delineation of soft tissue sarcomas.

Background: Accurate gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation is a critical step in radiation therapy treatment planning. However, it is reader dependent and thus susceptible to intra- and inter-reader variability. GTV delineation of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) often relies on CT and MR images.

Understanding Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: An Update.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a novel technology that uses infrared light to noninvasively and continuously measure regional oxygen extraction in real time at the bedside. Neonatal research using this device supports its use as an adjunct to routine cardiovascular monitoring because NIRS serves as a surrogate marker for end-organ perfusion and can detect minute changes in cerebral, intestinal, and kidney tissue beds. Multiple conditions affecting premature infants are frequently associated with hypoperfusion; therefore, methods to detect early tissue-specific perfusion alterations may substantially improve the clinician's ability to intervene and prevent further deterioration.

Flowing through Gastrointestinal Barriers with Model Nanoparticles: From Complex Fluids to Model Human Intestinal Epithelium Permeation.

Most nanomaterial-based medicines are intravenously applied since oral administration comprises challenging-related biological obstacles, such as interactions with distinct digestive fluids and their transport through the intestinal barrier. Moreover, there is a lack of nanoparticle-based studies that faithfully consider the above-cited obstacles and boost oral-administered nanomedicines' rational design. In this study, the physicochemical stability of fluorescent model silica nanoparticles (f-SiONPs) passing through all simulated gastrointestinal fluids (salivary, gastric, and intestinal) and their absorption and transport across a model human intestinal epithelium barrier are investigated.

Routine Diaper Change Alters Kidney Oxygenation in Premature Infants: A Non-A Priori Analysis.

Background: Reduction in oxygen delivery to developing kidneys of premature infants may be an important source for acute kidney injury in premature infants.

Purpose: To describe changes in continuous kidney oxygenation (RrSO 2 ) measures before, during, and after routine diaper changes.

Methods: Non-a priori analysis of a prospective cohort that received continuous measurement of RrSO 2 with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) over the first 14 days of life demonstrating acute RrSO 2 drops surrounding diaper changes.