Prevalence of Survival Without Major Comorbidities Among Adults Born Prematurely.

Importance: Preterm birth has been associated with cardiometabolic, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. However, the prevalence of survival without any major comorbidities is unknown.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of survival without major comorbidities in adulthood among persons born preterm vs full-term.

Preterm birth and risk of chronic kidney disease from childhood into mid-adulthood: national cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the relation between preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and risk of CKD from childhood into mid-adulthood.

Design: National cohort study.

Setting: Sweden.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and long-term risk of sleep apnea: A national cohort study.

Sleep apnea is increasing in prevalence, and is an important cause of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality worldwide. Its only established modifiable risk factor is obesity; however, up to half of all sleep apnea cases may occur in non-obese persons, and hence there is a pressing need to identify other modifiable risk factors to facilitate more effective prevention. We sought to examine, for the first time, cardiorespiratory fitness in relation to the risk of sleep apnea, independent of obesity.

Gestational age at birth and mortality from infancy into mid-adulthood: a national cohort study.

Background: Breakthroughs in the treatment of preterm birth approximately 40 years ago have enabled a generation of preterm survivors to now reach mid-adulthood. Understanding their health sequelae is essential for guiding their long-term care. We did a study to examine preterm birth in relation to mortality into mid-adulthood.

Exercise Is Medicine: Primary Care Counseling on Aerobic Fitness and Muscle Strengthening.

Patient counseling on physical fitness remains underutilized in primary care, despite its clinical and cost effectiveness. Most counseling interventions have focused on aerobic activity and neglected another vital component of physical fitness, muscle strengthening, which has recently been shown to be independently protective against cardiometabolic diseases and premature mortality. This article reviews the latest scientific evidence and makes recommendations toward a more comprehensive approach for promoting physical fitness in primary care.

Height, Weight, and Aerobic Fitness Level in Relation to the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation.

Tall stature and obesity have been associated with a higher risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but there have been conflicting reports of the effects of aerobic fitness. We conducted a national cohort study to examine interactions between height or weight and level of aerobic fitness among 1,547,478 Swedish military conscripts during 1969-1997 (97%-98% of all 18-year-old men) in relation to AF identified from nationwide inpatient and outpatient diagnoses through 2012 (maximal age, 62 years). Increased height, weight, and aerobic fitness level (but not muscular strength) at age 18 years were all associated with a higher AF risk in adulthood.

Aerobic fitness, muscular strength and obesity in relation to risk of heart failure.

Objective: Low physical fitness and obesity have been associated with higher risk of developing heart failure (HF), but their interactive effects are unknown. Elucidation of interactions among these common modifiable factors may help facilitate more effective primary prevention.

Methods: We conducted a national cohort study to examine the interactive effects of aerobic fitness, muscular strength and body mass index (BMI) among 1 330 610 military conscripts in Sweden during 1969-1997 (97%-98% of all 18-year-old men) on risk of HF identified from inpatient and outpatient diagnoses through 2012 (maximum age 62 years).

Interactive Effects of Aerobic Fitness, Strength, and Obesity on Mortality in Men.

Introduction: Low aerobic fitness, low muscular strength, and obesity have been associated with premature mortality, but their interactive effects are unknown. This study examined interactions among these common, modifiable factors, to help inform more-effective preventive interventions.

Methods: This national cohort study included all 1,547,478 military conscripts in Sweden during 1969-1997 (97%-98% of all men aged 18 years each year).

Neighborhood linking social capital as a predictor of drug abuse: A Swedish national cohort study.

Aims: This study examines the association between the incidence of drug abuse (DA) and linking (communal) social capital, a theoretical concept describing the amount of trust between individuals and societal institutions.

Methods: We present results from an 8-year population-based cohort study that followed all residents in Sweden, aged 15-44, from 2003 through 2010, for a total of 1,700,896 men and 1,642,798 women. Linking social capital was conceptualized as the proportion of people in a geographically defined neighborhood who voted in local government elections.

Interactive effects of physical fitness and body mass index on risk of stroke: A national cohort study.

Background: High body mass index (BMI) and low physical fitness are risk factors for stroke, but their interactive effects are unknown. Elucidation of interactions between these modifiable risk factors can help inform preventive interventions in susceptible subgroups.

Methods: National cohort study of all 1,547,294 military conscripts in Sweden during 1969-1997 (97-98% of all 18-year-old males).

Physical Fitness Among Swedish Military Conscripts and Long-Term Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cohort Study.

Background: Early-life physical fitness has rarely been examined in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in adulthood because of the lengthy follow-up required. Elucidation of modifiable risk factors at young ages may help facilitate earlier and more effective interventions.

Objective: To examine aerobic capacity and muscle strength at age 18 years in relation to risk for type 2 DM in adulthood.

Low stress resilience in late adolescence and risk of hypertension in adulthood.

Objective: Greater blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress has been associated with higher risk of developing hypertension. We hypothesised that low stress resilience based on psychological assessment early in life is associated with hypertension in adulthood.

Methods: National cohort study of 1,547,182 military conscripts in Sweden during 1969-1997 (97-98% of all 18-year-old males) without prior history of hypertension, who underwent standardised psychological assessment by trained psychologists for stress resilience (1-9 scale), and were followed up for hypertension identified from outpatient and inpatient diagnoses during 1969-2012 (maximum age 62).

Interactive Effects of Physical Fitness and Body Mass Index on the Risk of Hypertension.

Importance: High body mass index (BMI) and low physical fitness are risk factors for hypertension, but their interactive effects are unknown. Elucidation of interactions between these modifiable risk factors may help inform more effective interventions in susceptible subgroups.

Objective: To determine the interactive effects of BMI and physical fitness on the risk of hypertension in a large national cohort.

Stress resilience and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in 1.5 million young men.

Aims/hypothesis: Psychosocial stress in adulthood is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly mediated by behavioural and physiological factors. However, it is unknown whether low stress resilience earlier in life is related to subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. We examined whether low stress resilience in late adolescence is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

School Achievement and Risk of Eating Disorders in a Swedish National Cohort.

Objective: High achievement in school has been associated with increased risk of eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but causality of these relationships is unclear. We sought to examine the association between school achievement and AN or BN in a national cohort and to determine the possible contribution of familial confounding using a co-relative design.

Method: This national cohort study involved 1,800,643 persons born in Sweden during 1972 to 1990 who were still living in Sweden at age 16 years and were followed up for AN and BN identified from inpatient and outpatient diagnoses through 2012.

Massive open online nutrition and cooking course for improved eating behaviors and meal composition.

Background: Behavioral shifts in eating, favoring the increased consumption of highly processed foods over healthier, home-cooked alternatives, have led to widespread health problems. This study reports on the effectiveness of a massive open online course (MOOC), offering integrated nutrition and cooking instruction, for improving eating behaviors and meal composition among course participants.

Methods: The course, consisting of 47 short (4-6 min.

Social disparities in dietary habits among women: Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study.

Objective: Relationships among race/ethnicity, individual socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood SES and acculturation are complex. We sought to answer whether: (i) race/ethnicity, individual SES and neighbourhood SES have independent effects on women's fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC); (ii) SES modifies the effects of race/ethnicity on FVC; and (iii) nativity modifies the effect of Latina ethnicity on FVC.

Design: Cross-sectional surveys from the population-based Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study were linked with census-tract level data.

Women in Academic Medicine: Measuring Stereotype Threat Among Junior Faculty.

Background: Gender stereotypes in science impede supportive environments for women. Research suggests that women's perceptions of these environments are influenced by stereotype threat (ST): anxiety faced in situations where one may be evaluated using negative stereotypes. This study developed and tested ST metrics for first time use with junior faculty in academic medicine.

Fetal growth and subsequent maternal risk of thyroid cancer.

Thyroid cancer has peak incidence among women of reproductive age, and growth factors, which have procarcinogenic properties, may play an important etiologic role. However, the association between fetal growth rate during a woman's pregnancy and her subsequent risk of thyroid cancer has not been previously examined. We conducted a national cohort study of 1,837,634 mothers who had a total of 3,588,497 live-births in Sweden in 1973-2008, followed up for thyroid cancer incidence through 2009.

Tapping Underserved Students to Reshape the Biomedical Workforce.

Low-income and underrepresented minority students remain a largely untapped source of new professionals that are increasingly needed to diversify and strengthen the biomedical workforce. Precollege enrichment programs offer a promising strategy to stop the "leak" in the biomedical pipeline. However, in the era of highly competitive science education funding, there is a lack of consensus about the elements that predict the long-term viability of such programs.

Perinatal risk factors for acute myeloid leukemia.

Infectious etiologies have been hypothesized for acute leukemias because of their high incidence in early childhood, but have seldom been examined for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We conducted the first large cohort study to examine perinatal factors including season of birth, a proxy for perinatal infectious exposures, and risk of AML in childhood through young adulthood. A national cohort of 3,569,333 persons without Down syndrome who were born in Sweden in 1973-2008 were followed up for AML incidence through 2010 (maximum age 38 years).

Fetal growth and subsequent maternal risk of colorectal cancer.

Background: High birth weight has been associated with subsequent increased risk of breast cancer in the infant's mother, possibly related to maternal estrogen and growth factor pathways. However, its association with maternal risk of colorectal cancer, the third most common cancer among women, is unknown.

Methods: We conducted a national cohort study of 1,838,509 mothers who delivered 3,590,523 babies in Sweden in 1973-2008, followed up for colorectal cancer incidence through 2009.

Familial and neighborhood effects on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence.

Background: More knowledge is needed on potential associations between individual-, family-, and neighborhood-level factors and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

Aims: To examine associations between, individual-, family-, and neighborhood-level factors and incident internalizing (anxiety and mood) disorders and externalizing (ADHD and conduct) disorders in children and adolescents, and to estimate the relative contributions of family and neighborhood to individual variation in these disorders.

Method: We performed a three-level logistic regression on all 542,195 children born in Sweden in 1992-1996, nested in 427,954 families, which in turn were nested in 8475 neighborhoods.