Oral versus vaginal combined hormonal contraceptives' effect on coagulation and inflammatory biomarkers among young adult women.

In order to compare the effect of combined oral contraceptive (COC) and combined vaginal contraceptive (CVC) methods on the inflammation and procoagulation, we recruited female participants in 3 groups: control participants, COC users, and CVC users. We measured different blood biomarkers. The users of both COC and CVC had higher levels of C-reactive protein (P < .

Risk factors for heart attack, stroke, and venous thrombosis associated with hormonal contraceptive use.

The search for a safe and effective method of contraception has been ongoing for centuries. During the last century, a variety of hormonal contraceptives, including combined hormonal oral contraceptives (COCs), have been introduced into the market. COCs have evolved through modifications of different hormonal components to minimize the risk of thrombotic events including stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thrombosis.

Pap test results among low-income youth: prevalence of dysplasia and practice implications.

Objectives: To describe Papanicolaou (Pap) test findings and identify prevalence and correlates of dysplastic cervical abnormalities in low-income adolescent females.

Design And Setting: This cross-sectional study included a modified random sample of female students ages 16 to 25 years at 54 U.S.