A cross-sectional comparison of gut metagenomes between dairy workers and community controls.

Background: As a nexus of routine antibiotic use and zoonotic pathogen presence, the livestock farming environment is a potential hotspot for the emergence of zoonotic diseases and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Livestock can further facilitate disease transmission by serving as intermediary hosts for pathogens before a spillover event. In light of this, we aimed to characterize the microbiomes and resistomes of dairy workers, whose exposure to the livestock farming environment places them at risk for facilitating community transmission of antibiotic resistant genes and emerging zoonotic diseases.

Associations between Isolation Source, Clonal Composition, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Collected in Washington State, USA.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem stemming from the use of antibiotics in humans, animals, and the environment. This study used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of to explore patterns of AMR across sectors in Washington State, USA (WA). The WGS data from 1449 isolates were evaluated for isolation source (humans, animals, food, or the environment) and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).

Study of heavy metal resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from a marine ecosystem with a history of environmental pollution (arsenic, cadmium, copper, and mercury).

We analyzed whole genome sequences of 308 Escherichia coli isolates from a marine ecosystem to determine the prevalence and relationships of heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as the presence of plasmid sequences. We screened all genomes for presence of 18 functional HMRGs conferring resistance to arsenic, cadmium, copper, or cadmium/mercury. In subset analyses, we examined geographic variations of HMRG carriage patterns in 224 isolates from water sources, and sought genetic linkages between HMRGs and ARGs in 25 genomes of isolates resistant to antibiotics.

Differences in gut metagenomes between dairy workers and community controls: a cross-sectional study.

Background: As a nexus of routine antibiotic use and zoonotic pathogen presence, the livestock farming environment is a potential hotspot for the emergence of zoonotic diseases and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Livestock can further facilitate disease transmission by serving as intermediary hosts for pathogens as they undergo evolution prior to a spillover event. In light of this, we are interested in characterizing the microbiome and resistome of dairy workers, whose exposure to the livestock farming environment places them at risk for facilitating community transmission of antibiotic resistant genes and emerging zoonotic diseases.

Investigation of methicillin-resistant , methicillin-susceptible , and from wild long-tailed macaques () at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.

Background And Aim: In the past, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) infections in both humans and animals has increased across Thailand. has been associated with infections among humans, exotic pets, and livestock. Both species have been identified in non-human primate species from geographically diverse locations but not from non-human primates in Thailand.

Sequence Analysis of Novel Lineages from Wild and Captive Macaques.

is a widespread and common opportunistic bacterium that can colonise or infect humans as well as a wide range of animals. There are a few studies of both methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) isolated from monkeys, apes, and lemurs, indicating a presence of a number of poorly or unknown lineages of the pathogen. In order to obtain insight into staphylococcal diversity, we sequenced strains from wild and captive individuals of three macaque species (, , and ) using Nanopore and Illumina technologies.

Application of Nucleotide-Based Kinetic Modeling Approaches to Predict Antibiotic Resistance Gene Degradation during UV- and Chlorine-Based Wastewater Disinfection Processes: From Bench- to Full-Scale.

This study investigated antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) degradation kinetics in wastewaters during bench- and full-scale treatment with UV light and chlorine─with the latter maintained as free available chlorine (FAC) in low-ammonia wastewater and converted into monochloramine (NHCl) in high-ammonia wastewater. Twenty-three 142-1509 bp segments (i.e.

Surveillance for Antibiotic-Resistant in the Salish Sea Ecosystem.

was isolated from the Salish Sea (Puget Sound) ecosystem, including samples of marine and fresh water, and wildlife dependent on this environment. isolates were assessed for phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antibiotics. A total of 305 isolates was characterized from samples collected from: marine water obtained in four quadrants of the Salish Sea; select locations near beaches; fresh water from streams near marine beaches; and fecal samples from harbor porpoises (), harbor seals (), river otters (), and English sole ().

Genetic Characterization of the Tetracycline-Resistance Gene (X) Carried by Two Strains Isolated from Farmed Diseased Rainbow Trout, in Chile.

The main objective of this study was to characterize the (X) genes, which encode a monooxygenase that catalyzes the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, carried by the resistant strains FP105 and FP233-J200, using whole-genome sequencing analysis. The isolates were recovered from fin lesion and kidney samples of diseased rainbow trout , during two Flavobacteriosis outbreaks occurring in freshwater farms located in Southern Chile. The strains were identified as spp.

Environmental Surveillance and Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant at Coastal Beaches and Rivers on the Island of Hawai'i.

are human facultative pathogenic bacteria and can be found as contaminants in the environment. The aim of our study was to determine whether methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) isolated from coastal beach and river waters, anchialine pools, sand, and wastewater on the island of Hawai'i, Hawai'i, are a potential health risk. Samples were collected from three regions on Hawai'i Island from July to December 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and were characterized using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible from Vervet Monkeys () in Saint Kitts.

Antimicrobial resistance has been described in all ecosystems, including wildlife. Here we investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant and susceptible staphylococci in both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys (). Through selective isolation, PCR, MALDI-TOF, and whole-genome sequencing, methicillin-resistant and susceptible spp.

and Methicillin Resistant in Nepalese Primates: Resistance to Antimicrobials, Virulence, and Genetic Lineages.

is a ubiquitous pathogen and colonizer in humans and animals. There are few studies on the molecular epidemiology of in wild monkeys and apes. carriage in rhesus macaques () and Assam macaques () is a species that has not previously been sampled and lives in remote environments with limited human contact.

MRSA Strains in Nepalese Rhesus Macaques () and Their Environment.

This study looked at 227 saliva samples from Rhesus macaques () and 218 samples from the surrounding environments. From these samples, MRSA isolates were collected from Rhesus saliva samples ( = 13) and environmental samples ( = 19) near temple areas in Kathmandu, Nepal. For comparison, selected MRSA isolates ( = 5) were obtained from patients with wound infections from a Kathmandu hospital.

Whole-genome analysis of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) MDR ST73 and ST127 isolated from endangered southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca).

Background: Limited studies have investigated the microbial diversity of wild marine mammals.

Objectives: This study characterized Escherichia coli isolates collected from fresh faecal samples of endangered southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) located by detection dogs.

Methods: WGS of each strain was done to determine ST (using MLST), clonotype (C:H), antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile.

Molecular Analysis of Two Different MRSA Clones ST188 and ST3268 From Primates ( spp.) in a United States Primate Center.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) were identified in macaques, their environmental facility, and nasal cultures of personnel from the Washington National Primate Research Center [WaNPRC] and included MRSA ST188 SCC IV and MRSA ST3268 SCC V. The aim of the current study was to determine the carriage of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, and other characteristics of the primate MRSA isolates to determine if there were any obvious differences that would account for differences in transmission within the WaNPRC facility. In total, 1,199 samples from primates were tested for the presence of MRSA resulting in 158 MRSA-positive samples.

Distribution of Staphylococcus species in dairy cows, workers and shared farm environments.

Dairy farming involves frequent contact among animals, workers and farm environments. To explore the Staphylococcus spp. diversity that occurs on dairy farms, a pilot study sampled dairy workers, cows and the farm environments from five farms, two organic and three conventional farms, in Washington State.

The human clone ST22 SCCmec IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from swine herds and wild primates in Nepal: is man the common source?

Swine nasal samples [n = 282] were collected from 12 randomly selected farms around Kathmandu, Nepal, from healthy animals. In addition, wild monkey (Macaca mulatta) saliva samples [n = 59] were collected near temples areas in Kathmandu using a non-invasive sampling technique. All samples were processed for MRSA using standardized selective media and conventional biochemical tests.

Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents.

During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.

Assessment of Environmental Contamination with Pathogenic Bacteria at a Hospital Laundry Facility.

Little is known about exposure to pathogenic bacteria among industrial laundry workers who work with soiled clinical linen. To study worker exposures, an assessment of surface contamination was performed at an industrial laundry facility serving hospitals in Seattle, WA, USA. Surface swab samples (n = 240) from the environment were collected during four site visits at 3-month intervals.

Clostridium difficile environmental contamination within a clinical laundry facility in the USA.

Clostridium difficile is both a hospital and community-acquired pathogen. The current study determined if C. difficile could be cultured from clinical laundry facility surfaces.

Transmission of MDR MRSA between primates, their environment and personnel at a United States primate centre.

Objectives: MDR MRSA isolates cultured from primates, their facility and primate personnel from the Washington National Primate Research Center were characterized to determine whether they were epidemiologically related to each other and if they represented common local human-associated MRSA strains.

Methods: Human and primate nasal and composite environmental samples were collected, enriched and selected on medium supplemented with oxacillin and polymyxin B. Isolates were biochemically verified as Staphylococcus aureus and screened for the mecA gene.

Tetracycline and Phenicol Resistance Genes and Mechanisms: Importance for Agriculture, the Environment, and Humans.

Recent reports have speculated on the future impact that antibiotic-resistant bacteria will have on food production, human health, and global economics. This review examines microbial resistance to tetracyclines and phenicols, antibiotics that are widely used in global food production. The mechanisms of resistance, mode of spread between agriculturally and human-impacted environments and ecosystems, distribution among bacteria, and the genes most likely to be associated with agricultural and environmental settings are included.

Antibiotics in Agroecosystems: Introduction to the Special Section.

The presence of antibiotic drug residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in agroecosystems has become a significant area of research in recent years and is a growing public health concern. While antibiotics are used in both human medicine and agricultural practices, the majority of their use occurs in animal production where historically they have been used for growth promotion, in addition to the prevention and treatment of disease. The widespread use of antibiotics and the application of animal wastes to agricultural lands play major roles in the introduction of antibiotic-related contamination into the environment.

In Vitro Activity of Delafloxacin against Clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates and Selection of Gonococcal Delafloxacin Resistance.

We evaluated the in vitro activity of delafloxacin against a panel of 117 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, including 110 clinical isolates collected from 2012 to 2015 and seven reference strains, compared with the activities of seven antimicrobials currently or previously recommended for treatment of gonorrhea. We examined the potential for delafloxacin to select for resistant mutants in ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae We characterized mutations in the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and the multidrug-resistant efflux pumps (MtrC-MtrD-MtrE and NorM) by PCR and sequencing and by whole-genome sequencing.