Emerging biomarkers in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: tumour mutational burden, PD-L1 expression and APOBEC polypeptide-like signature in a patient with complete response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor.

Immunotherapy has recently been incorporated into the treatment guidelines for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Nevertheless, the role of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in this setting is not completely defined. To date, PD-L1 expression and a high tumour mutational burden (TMB) seem to predict better responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but patients without these biomarkers may still respond to immunotherapy.

The influence of testosterone suppression on HER2 immunoexpression in prostatic neoplastic tissue.

During initial risk assessments, the metastatic potential of prostate cancer (PCa) may not be fully considered. The tumor's multicentric origin, which is associated with genetic mutations, may explain existing treatment limitations. Investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in patients with different stages of PCa may therefore increase understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of castration resistance.

Is possible to rule out clinically significant prostate cancer using PI-RADS v2 for the assessment of prostate MRI?

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of PI-RADS v2.

Materials And Methods: In this Institutional Review Board approved single-center retrospective study, 98 patients with clinically suspected PCa who underwent 3-T multiparametric MRI followed by MRI/TRUS fusion-guided prostate biopsy were included from June 2013 to February 2015. Two radiologists (R1 and R2) with 8 and 1 years of experience in abdominal radiology reviewed the MRI scans and assigned PI-RADS v2 scores in all prostate zones.

MiR-9 and miR-21 as prognostic biomarkers for recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer.

Despite low mortality rates, nodal recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma occurs in up to 20 % of patients. Emerging evidences indicate that dysregulated microRNAs are implicated in the process of metastasis. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-9, miR-10b, miR-21 and miR-146b levels are predictive of papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence.

Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) immunohistochemical expression and androgen deprivation in normal peritumoral, hyperplasic and neoplastic prostate tissue.

Objectives: To evaluate hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) expression in normal, hyperplasic and neoplastic prostate tissue after various types and durations of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Clinical and oncological data from men with localised prostate adenocarcinoma were also assessed and compared with RHAMM expression data.

Patients And Methods: Data from 367 men who underwent histological evaluation of the prostate were retrospectively evaluated under six conditions: (i) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), (ii) BPH treated with finasteride, (iii) prostate cancer without ADT, (iv) prostate cancer treated with neoadjuvant ADT before prostatectomy (cyproterone 200 mg/day), (v) castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and (vi) normal peritumoral prostate tissue.

Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini and renal medullary carcinoma: clinicopathologic analysis of 52 cases of rare aggressive subtypes of renal cell carcinoma with a focus on their interrelationship.

Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini and renal medullary carcinoma are rare aggressive neoplasms of putative distal nephron origin. First described in 1949, case reports and review articles constitute a major source of information on collecting duct carcinoma, whereas Davis and colleagues and the pediatric tumor registry have contributed the seminal works on renal medullary carcinoma. Here we present a detailed study of collecting duct carcinoma (n=39) and renal medullary carcinoma (n=13), characterizing these rare neoplasms and analyzing their interrelationship.

Amount of tobacco consumption is associated with superficial bladder cancer progression.

Objective: To evaluate the association between smoking habits and outcome of patients with superficial bladder cancer.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed evaluating 99 patients (67.0 ± 13.

Experimental study of the tissue reaction caused by the presence of cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum in the nasal dorsum of rabbits.

Unlabelled: Several materials have been proposed for nasal reconstruction. There is no consensus on which is the best. The cellulose blanket produced by bacteria may be a possible cartilaginous addition element to the nose.

Paratesticular sarcomas in Brazil.

Purpose: Paratesticular sarcomas are rare and frequently reported as isolated case reports. Studies evaluating the relative frequency of the paratesticular sarcomas are limited, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of paratesticular sarcomas in the Brazilian population.

Patients And Methods: Medical records of all patients undergoing treatment for paratesticular sarcomas between 1993 and 2006 were retrieved from the archives of our institution.

Tracheal inflammatory response to bacterial cellulose dressing after surgical scarification in rabbits.

Unlabelled: Exuberant scarring tissue formation is among the failure causes of tracheal stenosis surgery. Dressings that could avoid such reaction could be very helpful in these cases. Bacterial cellulose, produced by acetobacter xylinun can be useful in these cases.

Testicular metastases: a poor prognostic factor in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in men. In some patients, however, the disease pursues a clearly more aggressive course. Testicular metastases from prostate cancer are rare events that have been previously reported; however, its frequency and clinical meaning are not well established.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 41 cases.

Objectives: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an uncommon inflammation of the renal parenchyma that occurs in the presence of chronic obstruction and suppuration. In this retrospective study, a review of the features of 41 recent cases of XGP is presented and compared with current published data.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, surgical, and radiologic features of 41 cases of XGP and compared the data of this Brazilian population with that from current published reports.

Comparative study of several sinusitis experimental modelling techniques in rabbits.

Unlabelled: Experimental models for clinical studies of rhinosinusitis are needed.

Aim: to define a reliable, solid and reproducible experimental model for inflammatory rhinosinusitis with no innoculation of infectious agents in rabbits.

Study Design: Experimental.

Renal medullary carcinoma: report of seven cases from Brazil.

We report seven cases of renal medullary carcinoma collected from several institutions in Brazil. In spite of a relatively high incidence of sickle cell trait in Brazil, this is a rare tumor. All patients were males between the ages of 8 and 69 years (mean 22 years).

Carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Objective: To assess the occurrence of upper urinary tract urothelial tumors (UUTT) in Brazil.

Materials And Methods: We performed a clinical and histopathologic study of 33 patients who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm in the renal pelvis or ureter in the period of 1994 to 2004, in a single institution.

Results: Among the patients with upper urinary tract carcinoma, 70% were males and 30% females, with mean age of 65 +/- 16 years (ranging from 31 to 91 years).

Adenocarcinoma of persistent müllerian duct remnants: case report and differential diagnosis.

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome is an unusual disorder characterized by cryptorchidism and retention of müllerian derivatives (uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina). We report the case of a 39-year-old man with this syndrome in association with adenocarcinoma from the retained müllerian remnants of probable endocervical origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endocervical adenocarcinoma associated with persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

Coexistence of prostate neoplasia in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy due to vesical neoplasia.

Objective: To assess the incidence of bladder carcinoma infiltrating the prostate and prostate adenocarcinoma in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy due to bladder cancer, as well as to assess if the characteristics of the bladder neoplasia influence the prostatic involvement by this neoplasia.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively assessed 60 male patients, who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy between July 1997 and December 2003. Mean age was 66.

Gene discovery in Boophilus microplus, the cattle tick: the transcriptomes of ovaries, salivary glands, and hemocytes.

The quest for new control strategies for ticks can profit from high throughput genomics. In order to identify genes that are involved in oogenesis and development, in defense, and in hematophagy, the transcriptomes of ovaries, hemocytes, and salivary glands from rapidly ingurgitating females, and of salivary glands from males of Boophilus microplus were PCR amplified, and the expressed sequence tags (EST) of random clones were mass sequenced. So far, more than 1,344 EST have been generated for these tissues, with approximately 30% novelty, depending on the the tissue studied.